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60s

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A depiction of the fire burning through the city.
18th-century painting of the Great Fire of Rome, which saw the destruction of two-thirds of the city. The fire precipitated the empire's first persecution against Christians, who were blamed for the disaster.

The 60s decade ran from January 1, AD 60, to December 31, AD 69.

In the Roman Empire, the early part of the decade saw the beginning of the Boudican Revolt in Britannia, where several tribes (chiefly the Iceni), led by Boudica, rebelled against the Roman occupation. The revolt led to the sacking of several Roman cities, but was ultimately quelled by governor Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. In 63, the Roman–Parthian War came to an end with the Treaty of Rhandeia. In 66, the First Jewish-Roman War began, as Jewish rebels fought against Roman rule. Near the end of the decade in 69, the Year of the Four Emperors saw a period of civil war and political instability in the Roman Empire, as four different men (Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian) claimed the title of Emperor within the span of a year. Ultimately, the year ended with the ascension of Vespasian to the throne and the beginning of the Flavian Dynasty. In East Asia, the state of Funan was established, while China continued its golden age.

In 62, an earthquake of an estimated magnitude of between 5 and 6 and a maximum intensity of IX or X on the Mercalli scale struck the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, severely damaging them. The towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum both suffered major damage, with damage to some buildings also reported from Naples and Nuceria. Seneca reported the death of a flock of 600 sheep that he attributed to the effects of poisonous gases. Later, in 64, the Great Fire of Rome began in the merchant shops around Rome's chariot stadium, Circus Maximus. After six days, the fire was brought under control, but before the damage could be assessed, the fire reignited and burned for another three days. In the aftermath of the fire, two-thirds of Rome had been destroyed. According to Tacitus and later Christian tradition, Emperor Nero blamed the devastation on the Christian community in the city, initiating the empire's first persecution against the Christians.

In the Roman Empire, Christianity continued to spread, despite a campaign of persecution being initiated under Emperor Nero in 64. According to tradition, the apostles Peter and Paul were both martyred during this period: Traditionally, Roman authorities allegedly sentenced Peter to death by crucifixion at Vatican Hill. In accordance with the apocryphal Acts of Peter, he was crucified head down. As for Paul, the Second Epistle to Timothy states that he was arrested in Troad and brought back to Rome, where he was imprisoned and put on trial before being executed. The White Horse Temple, the first Buddhist temple in China, was traditionally constructed in 68, though it is not recorded in contemporary sources before 289.

In 62 or 64, the Baths of Nero were constructed. It stood between the Pantheon and the Stadium of Domitian and were listed among the most notable buildings in the city by Roman authors and became a much-frequented venue. In his final years, Seneca the Younger wrote De Providentia (discussing the problem of evil), De Beneficiis (discussing the award and reception of gifts and favours within society), and compiled a collection of 124 written near the end of his life. After Seneca's death in 65, a play named Octavia was written: the Roman tragedy focuses on three days in the year 62 during which Nero divorced and exiled his wife Claudia Octavia and married another (Poppaea Sabina). The play also deals with the irascibility of Nero and his inability to take heed of the philosopher Seneca's advice to rein in his passions. The Pharsalia, a poem detailing Caesar's civil war (49–45 BC), was also written during this decade.

Manning (2008) tentatively estimates the world population in AD 60 as 249 million.

Events

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  • July 18–27Great Fire of Rome: A fire begins which destroyed three of fourteen of the administrative regions of Rome, more commonly known as the Palatine hill, the Circus Maximus, and the Oppian hill. Also suffering severe damage were the Campus Martius and the Via Lata.[17]
  • Persecution of Christians in Rome begins under Nero. Peter the Apostle is possibly among those crucified.
  • Nero proposes a new urban planning program based on the creation of buildings decorated with ornate porticos, the widening of the streets and the use of open spaces. This plan will not be applied until after his death in AD 68.
  • Lyon sends a large sum of money to Rome to aid in the reconstruction. However, during the winter of AD 64–65, Lyon suffers a catastrophic fire itself, and Nero reciprocates by sending money to Lyon.
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  • First Epistle of Peter written from Babylon according to traditional Christian belief.
  • Paul leaves Titus in Crete as bishop (approximate date) Then goes to Asia Minor
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Britannia
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Astronomy
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  • The first and second Epistles to Timothy are written (speculative date, if actually written by St. Paul).
  • Paul in Asia Minor for second time after his release from Rome. Then probably goes to Greece. Second imprisonment in Rome.

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Demographics

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Due to lack of reliable demographic data, estimates of the world population in the 1st century vary wildly, with estimates for AD 1 varying from 150[40] to 300[41] million. Demographers typically do not attempt to estimate most specific years in antiquity, instead giving approximate numbers for round years such as AD 1 or AD 200. However, attempts at reconstructing the world population in more specific years have been made, with Manning (2008) tentatively estimating the world population in AD 60 as 249 million.[42]

Significant people

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Births

AD 60

AD 61

AD 63

AD 64

AD 65

AD 67

AD 68

AD 69

Deaths

AD 60

AD 61

AD 62

AD 63

AD 64

AD 65

AD 66

AD 67

AD 68

AD 69

References

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  2. ^ Tacitus, Annals 14.30.
  3. ^ Tacitus, Annals 14.31.
  4. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 62.2.
  5. ^ a b Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 47. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
  6. ^ Tacitus, Annals.
  7. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History.
  8. ^ Tacitus, Annals 14.30.
  9. ^ Tacitus, Annals 14.31.
  10. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 62.2.
  11. ^ Tacitus, Annals.
  12. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History.
  13. ^ Suet. Nero 12; Aur. Vict. Ep. 5; Eutrop. VII.15.
  14. ^ Guidoboni, E.; Ferrari, G.; Tarabusi, G.; Comatri, A.; Mariotti, D.; Sgattoni, G.; Valensise, G. (2018). "62 02 05, - Pompei (NA) (Italy)". CFTI5Med, Catalogo dei Forti Terremoti in Italia (461 a.C.-1997) e nell’area Mediterranea (760 a.C.-1500) (in Italian). Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). doi:10.6092/ingv.it-cfti5.
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  16. ^ Poehler, Eric E. (2017). The Traffic Systems of Pompeii. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 9780190614676.
  17. ^ MacDonald, William L. (1982). The Architecture of the Roman Empire: An Introductory Study (Revised ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0-300-02819-9.
  18. ^ Ronald Syme, Some Arval brethren (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), pp. 20, 24
  19. ^ Si Sheppard (2013). The Jewish Revolt 66–74, p. 20. ISBN 978-1-78096-183-5
  20. ^ Si Sheppard (2013). The Jewish Revolt 66–74 AD, p. 10. ISBN 978-1-78096-183-5
  21. ^ Si Sheppard (2013). The Jewish Revolt 66–74 AD, p. 11. ISBN 978-1-78096-183-5
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  26. ^ a b Chilver, Guy Edward Farquhar; Griffin, M. T. (2016-03-07). "Calpurnius Piso Frugi Licinianus, Lucius". Oxford Classical Dictionary. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1313. ISBN 9780199381135. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
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  28. ^ a b c "Otho". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  29. ^ Southern, P. (2011). Roman Britain: A New History 55 BC-AD 450. Amberley Publishing. p. 201. ISBN 978-1-4456-0925-6. Retrieved 2024-08-09.
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  32. ^ a b c d Chilver, Guy Edward Farquhar (January 20, 2024). "Vespasian". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved February 20, 2024.
  33. ^ a b Tacitus, Publius. The Histories. Penguin. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-140-44964-8.
  34. ^ "Gaius Julius Civilis | Roman military officer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  35. ^ a b c "The Flavian Dynasty | Boundless World History". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  36. ^ "The Assassination of the Emperor Vitellius (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
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  38. ^ a b "Siege of Jerusalem | Facts & Summary". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  39. ^ "Flavius Josephus | Jewish priest, scholar, and historian". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  40. ^ John H. Tanton, 1994, "End of the Migration Epoch? Time For a New Paradigm", The Social Contract, Vol. 4 (no 3), pp. 162–173.
  41. ^ Haub (1995): "By 1 A.D., the world may have held about 300 million people. One estimate of the population of the Roman Empire, from Spain to Asia Minor, in 14 A.D. is 45 million. However, other historians set the figure twice as high, suggesting how imprecise population estimates of early historical periods can be."
  42. ^ Manning, Scott (2008-01-12). "Year-by-Year World Population Estimates: 10,000 B.C. to 2007 A.D." Historian on the Warpath. Retrieved 2023-03-05.
  43. ^ Lawson, Russell M.; Services, Abc-Clio Information (2004). Science in the Ancient World: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 193. ISBN 9781851095346.
  44. ^ "Suetonius | Biography, Lives of the Caesars, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
  45. ^ "Polycarpus", The Free Dictionary, retrieved 2021-03-29
  46. ^ Shotter, David (2005). Nero. London: Routledge. p. 29. ISBN 0-203-02298-X.
  47. ^ Eddy, Paul R.; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic. p. 130. ISBN 9780801031144.
  48. ^ According to Josephus
  49. ^ Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998) p65
  50. ^ Johnson, Marguerite (2012). Boudicca. A&C Black. p. 13. ISBN 9781853997327.
  51. ^ Vogt, Katja (February 13, 2024). "Seneca". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved February 23, 2024.
  52. ^ "Nero | Biography, Claudius, Rome, Burning, Fate, Accomplishments, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 4 December 2022.