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Novotny (chess)

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The Novotny (also often spelled as Nowotny, even in non-German sources) is a device found in chess problems named after a problem from 1854 by Antonín Novotný, though the first example was composed by Henry Turton in 1851. A piece is sacrificed on a square where it could be taken by two different opposing pieces, but whichever makes the capture, it interferes with the other. It is essentially a Grimshaw brought about by a sacrifice on the critical square.

This pattern can arise as part of a combination in an actual game, but it is extremely rare (see games below). Most chess players would not use the term "Novotny" to describe such a move, since that term is almost exclusively used in the context of chess problems.

Examples

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Basic

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abcdefgh
8
b6 white queen
d6 white bishop
e5 black pawn
f5 black pawn
a4 white knight
f4 black king
h4 white king
d3 white pawn
a2 black rook
g2 white pawn
a1 black bishop
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
White to play and mate in two.

The device can be understood by reference to the problem shown here, a mate in two moves (white moves first, and must checkmate black in two moves against any defence). The key (first move of the solution; see Glossary of chess problems) is 1.Nb2 (see algebraic notation). This interferes with black's rook and bishop, and whichever of those pieces takes the knight, it will interfere with the other—this is the Novotny idea at its most basic. So, if black plays 1...Bxb2, this interferes with his rook and allows 2.Qf2#, while if he plays 1...Rxb2, it is the bishop that is interfered with, allowing 2.Qd4#.

Problemists would generally agree that a single Novotny with no other play, as in this example, makes for a relatively uninteresting problem. Usually, Novotnys are combined in problems with other ideas, or several Novotnys are shown in a single problem.

Multiple Novotnys

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R. C. O. Matthews, British Chess Magazine, 1957
abcdefgh
8
a8 black bishop
b8 black rook
a7 black bishop
a6 white rook
d6 white knight
b5 white rook
h5 black rook
c4 white pawn
d4 black pawn
g4 black pawn
b3 white pawn
c3 black king
d3 white pawn
f3 white queen
g3 black pawn
a2 white bishop
c2 white knight
e2 white pawn
g2 black pawn
b1 black knight
c1 white king
g1 white bishop
h1 black knight
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
White to play and mate in three.

The problem as shown here is very well known. It contains no fewer than six separate Novotnys. It is by R. C. O. Matthews, was published in the British Chess Magazine in 1957 and won the Brian Harley Award. It is a mate in 3.

The key is 1.b4, threatening 2.Bxb1 and 3.Ra3#. Black has six thematic defences, each of which White meets with a Novotny on move two:

  • 1...Bb6 threatens 2...Ba5, interfering with the path of the white rook to a3. White counters with a Novotny interference: 2.Rd5. This interferes with the black rook on h5 and the bishop on a8, and so threatens 3.Nb5# and 3.Ne4#. Black can prevent one by capturing on d5, but not both, because the capturing piece interferes with the other (so 2...Rxd5 3.Ne4#; or 2...Bxd5 3.Nb5#).
  • 1...Rbxb5 threatens 2...Ra5 stopping the threat. White can now play 2.Qd5 with the same interferences and threats as follow 1...Bb6.
  • 1...Bc5 threatens 2...Bxb4 to defend a3, stopping White's threat. White counters with 2.Rb7, interfering with the bishop on a8 and the rook on b8 and leading to the same threats and comparable continuations as follow 1...Bb6 (additionally, 2...Bxd6 allows 3.Bxd4#).
  • 1...Bb7 threatens to capture the white rook which would give mate. White can now play 2.Rc5 interfering with the bishop on a7 and the rook on h5, and so threatening 3.Nb5# and 3.Bxd4#. As before, a capture on c5 stops one of the threats, but not both.
  • 1...Bd5 threatens 2...Bxc4, after which Black could meet white's threatened 3.Ra3 with 3...Bb3. White instead plays 2.Rbb6 with the same threats and variations as follow 1...Bb7.
  • 1...Rhxb5 threatens 2...Ra5, stopping the threat. White instead plays 2.Rb6 with the same threats and variations as follow 1...Bb7.

The solution, in short form, is thus: 1. b4

  • 1...Bb6 2. Rd5
  • 1...Rbxb5 2. Qd5
  • 1...Bc5 2. Rb7
  • 1...Bb7 2. Rc5
  • 1...Bd5 2. Rbb6
  • 1...Rhxb5 2. Rb6

Four of White's Novotnys in these variations are executed by the rook on b5—only the rook will do in those variations, because the square it comes from, b5, must be vacated for the white knight to deliver mate. In the other two lines, that rook is captured, meaning it cannot execute the Novotny, but also meaning the square vacation is no longer necessary (the white knight can simply capture the black piece on b5). Therefore, another piece can make the Novotny interference in those lines. (There is one other non-thematic defence in the problem: 1...Nd2, threatening a nuisance check on b3. This allows 2.Ra3+ Nb3+ 3.Rxb3#.)

As part of a larger scheme

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Milan Vukcevich, Schach-Echo, 1976
abcdefgh
8
a8 black bishop
b8 black bishop
g8 black queen
a7 white bishop
d7 black rook
e6 black pawn
g5 black knight
c4 white knight
g4 white rook
h4 black pawn
a3 black pawn
f3 black king
a2 white king
d2 black pawn
g2 white rook
h2 white queen
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
White to play and mate in two.

Many problems include a Novotny as part of some larger scheme. The problem here, by Milan Vukcevich, published in Schach-Echo in 1976, includes a Novotny as just one part of a more complex problem. It is a mate in 2. The key is 1.Qd6, which is a Novotny interference with the black rook and bishop on b8, so threatening 2.Ne5# and 2.Nxd2#. After the capture of the queen by the rook or bishop, the other black piece is still interfered with by the capturing unit; so 1...Rxd6 rules out 2.Nxd2 but still allows 2.Ne5#, while 1...Bxd6 rules out 2.Ne5 but allows 2.Nxd2#. Just as these Novotny lines work as a pair, so the other black defences work in pairs:

1...Rxa7 (removes white guard of e3) 2.Qd3#
1...Bxa7 (removes white guard of e3) 2.Qf4#
1...e5 (pins the knight that gives the mate in the Novotny lines) 2.Qf6#
1...Bd5 (pins the knight) 2.Qxa3# (not otherwise possible because of 2...Rd3)

The Novotny theme in practical play

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abcdefgh
8
c8 black queen
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
c7 black rook
g7 black king
d6 black pawn
a5 white pawn
c5 black pawn
d5 white pawn
e5 black pawn
g5 black bishop
h5 white bishop
c4 white pawn
h4 black knight
b3 white pawn
h3 white pawn
d2 white queen
f2 white pawn
h2 white king
g1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Macdonald–Burn, offhand game, Liverpool 1910, position after White's 33rd move.

The Novotny theme occurs extremely rarely in actual play. The strong English master Amos Burn produced such an example in an offhand game in 1910 (see diagram).[1][2] In a seemingly desperate position, with his king apparently about to fall to a powerful attack by White's pieces, Burn played 33...Qg4!! The point is that if the bishop or pawn takes the queen, the white rook's pin on the black bishop is lifted, allowing 34...Bxd2; if the rook takes the queen, the white bishop no longer protects f3, so Black can play the royal fork 34...Nf3+ and 35...Nxd2. Finally, if 34.Qxg5+, Qxg5 35.Rxg5+ Kh6 (a king fork) wins a piece. Burn won in 15 more moves and was to comment afterwards that his 33...Qg4 demonstrated that there is an element of luck in chess.[3][2]

abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
e8 black rook
g8 black king
c7 black pawn
b6 black pawn
c6 white knight
g6 black bishop
a5 black pawn
b5 white queen
f5 black pawn
g5 black queen
c4 white pawn
d4 white pawn
e4 black pawn
g4 white rook
a3 white pawn
c3 white pawn
e3 white pawn
g3 black knight
g2 white pawn
d1 white bishop
e1 white rook
g1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Rubtsova-Belova, USSR 1945, position after 1.Rf4-g4?

In this position, from Rubtsova-Belova, USSR 1945, White has just played the attractive-looking 1.Rf4-g4? Black cannot capture the rook (1...Qxg4? 2.Bxg4; 1...fxg4?? 2.Qxg5), and White would win a piece after 1...Qf6? 2.Rxg3. However, Black responded with a decisive Novotny, 1...Ne2+! This enables Black to win the rook after 2.Rxe2 Qxg4; 2.Bxe2 Qxe3+ and 3...fxg4; or 2.Kf1 Qxg4. Black won.[4]

abcdefgh
8
h8 black king
h7 black pawn
a6 black pawn
d6 black pawn
h6 white queen
e5 black bishop
f5 black rook
e4 black pawn
f4 black queen
g4 white knight
g3 white rook
f2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
h1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
E. Berg–J. Zezulkin, Rowy 2000, position after Black's 39th move.

The Novotny theme could also have occurred in actual play in E. Berg-J. Zezulkin, Rowy 2000. From this diagram, White could have won with 40.Nf6!! (instead of 40.Qe6?, leading to an eventual draw). After 40.Nf6!!, White would threaten the two thematical mates 41.Qg7# and 41.Qf8# and in addition 41.Rg8# and 41.Qxh7#. Now 40...Bxf6 would block Black's rook, allowing 41.Qf8#, while 40...Rxf6 would block Black's bishop, allowing 41.Qg7#. After 40...Qxh6 which parries both thematical threats White has 41.Rg8#.[5]

abcdefgh
8
e8 black queen
b7 black bishop
e7 white pawn
f7 black king
h7 black pawn
a6 black rook
g6 black pawn
e5 white queen
h5 black knight
b4 white pawn
d4 white bishop
f3 white pawn
b2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
c1 white rook
e1 white rook
h1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
David Navara vs Anna Dergatschova-Daus, Ordix Open (2007),[6] position after Black's 35th move.

The Novotny theme was played in David Navara vs Anna Dergatschova-Daus, Ordix Open (2007), Mainz, 2007. If White could check on the a2–g8 diagonal, it would force mate quickly. But the R guards e6, and the B guards d5. So 36. Rc6!! intersects both lines: 36... Rxc6 37.Qd5+ Re6 38.Qxe6#, or 36... Bxc6 37.Qe6#; and if 36... Qxc6 then 37. e8=Q+ Qxe8 38. Qxe8#

Notes

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  1. ^ Richard Forster, Amos Burn: A Chess Biography, McFarland & Company, 2004, pp. 690-91. ISBN 0-7864-1717-X.
  2. ^ a b Edmond Macdonald vs Amos Burn (1910) Macdonald-Burn, 1910 at chessgames.com.
  3. ^ (scroll down to No. 258)
  4. ^ Amatzia Avni, Devious Chess: How to Bend the Rules and Win, Batsford, 2006, pp. 73, 143. ISBN 978-0-7134-9004-6.
  5. ^ John Cox, Starting Out: Sveshnikov Sicilian, Gloucester Publishers, 2007, p. 168. ISBN 978-1-85744-431-5.
  6. ^ Navara–Dergatschova-Daus, 2007, ChessGames.com
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