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Ye Jianying

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Ye Jianying
叶剑英
3rd Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
In office
5 March 1978 – 17 June 1983
PresidentNone (post abolished in 1975)
Preceded bySoong Ching-ling (acting)
Succeeded byPeng Zhen
5th First Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
In office
7 October 1976 – 12 September 1982
ChairmanHua Guofeng
Hu Yaobang
Preceded byHua Guofeng
Succeeded byPosition abolished
Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
In office
30 August 1973 – 12 September 1982
ChairmanMao Zedong
Hua Guofeng
Hu Yaobang
3rd Minister of National Defense
In office
17 January 1975 – 26 February 1978
PremierZhou Enlai
Hua Guofeng
Preceded byMarshal Lin Biao
Succeeded byMarshal Xu Xiangqian
Member of the
National People's Congress
In office
15 September 1954 – 6 June 1983
ConstituencyGuangdong At-large (54–59)
PLA At-large (59–83)
1st Mayor of Guangzhou
In office
1949–1952
Preceded byPosition Created
Succeeded byHe Wei
Personal details
Born
葉劍英

(1897-04-28)28 April 1897
Mei County, Guangdong, Qing Dynasty
Died22 October 1986(1986-10-22) (aged 89)
Beijing, China
NationalityChinese
Political partyChinese Communist Party (1927–1985)
Spouse6
Children7 including Ye Xuanping, Dai Qing
Alma materYunnan Military Academy
Communist University of the Toilers of the East
Nickname(s)叶帅 (Marshal Ye)
花帅 ("Playboy Marshal")
Military service
Allegiance Chinese Communist Party
 People's Republic of China
Branch/service People's Liberation Army Ground Force
Republic of China (1912–1949) 18th Army Group, NRA
Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
Republic of China (1912–1949) 1st Army and 4th Army, National Revolutionary Army
Years of service1917–1985
Rank Marshal of the People's Republic of China
Lieutenant general of the National Revolutionary Army, Republic of China
CommandsRepublic of China (1912–1949) Chief of Staff, 4th Army, NRA
Chief of Staff, Chinese Red Army
Republic of China (1912–1949) Chief of Staff, 18th Army Group, NRA
Chief of the General Staff, CMC
Awards Order of Victory of Resistance against Aggression (1946)
Order of August 1 (1st Class Medal) (1955)
Order of Independence and Freedom (1st Class Medal) (1955)
Order of Liberation (1st Class Medal) (1955)
details...
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese叶剑英
Traditional Chinese葉劍英
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYè Jiànyīng
Wade–GilesYeh Chien-ying
IPA[jê tɕjɛ̂n.íŋ]
Hakka
RomanizationYa̍p Kiam-yîn
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingYip Gim-ying
Birth name
Simplified Chinese叶宜伟
Traditional Chinese葉宜偉
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYè Yíwěi
Wade–GilesYeh I-wei
Hakka
RomanizationYa̍p Ngì-vî
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingYip Ji-wai
Courtesy name
Simplified Chinese沧白
Traditional Chinese滄白
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinCāngbái
Wade–GilesTs'ang-pai
Hakka
RomanizationChhông-pha̍k
Yue: Cantonese
JyutpingCong-baak

Ye Jianying (simplified Chinese: 叶剑英; traditional Chinese: 葉劍英; 28 April 1897 – 22 October 1986) was a Chinese Communist revolutionary leader and politician, one of the Ten Marshals of the People's Republic of China. He was the top military leader in the 1976 coup that overthrew the Gang of Four and ended the Cultural Revolution, and was the key supporter of Deng Xiaoping in his power struggle with Hua Guofeng. After Deng ascended to power, in his capacity as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Ye served as China's head of state during the period from 1978 to 1983.

Life

[edit]

Born Ye Yiwei (Chinese: 叶宜伟) into a wealthy Christian Hakka merchant family in an old rural village at Jiaying county (modern-day renamed as Meixian District), his courtesy name was Cangbai (滄白) and most of Ye Jianying's siblings died before being adults due to severe illness.[1]

After graduation from the Yunnan Military Academy in 1919, he joined the Kuomintang (KMT). He taught at the Whampoa Military Academy, and in 1927 joined the Communist Party.

That year, he participated in the failed Nanchang Uprising and was forced to flee to Hong Kong with two other uprising leaders, Zhou Enlai and Ye Ting (no relation), with only a pair of handguns to share between them. Shortly after, he faithfully carried out his assigned duties during the Guangzhou Uprising, although he had been opposed to it; upon this uprising's failure he was once again obliged to flee to Hong Kong with Ye Ting and Nie Rongzhen. However, Ye was far more fortunate than Ye Ting, who was made a scapegoat for the Comintern's failures and forced into exile. Ye was not blamed, and subsequently studied military science in Moscow.

After returning to China in 1932 he joined the Jiangxi Soviet, serving as Chief of Staff of Zhang Guotao's Fourth Front Army. However, after Zhang's fighters met up with Mao Zedong's force during the Long March, the two leaders disagreed on the subsequent movement of the Chinese Red Army. Zhang insisted on turning southward to establish a new base in the regions inhabited by Tibetan and Qiang minorities. (This later proved to be a disaster, as Mao had anticipated, with Zhang losing over 75% of his men and retreating to the Communist base at Yan'an.) During the two leaders' disagreement, Ye – though he was Zhang's Chief of Staff – sided with Mao; and instead of supporting Zhang unconditionally as he had during the Guangzhou Uprising, Ye absconded to Mao's headquarters with Zhang's code books and maps. As a result, Zhang's communications with Comintern were cut, while Mao was able to establish a radio link, leading to Comintern's acceptance of Mao's leadership. Mao would never forget Ye's contribution, observing later that "Ye Jianying saved the (Chinese Communist) Party, the (Chinese) Red Army, and the (Chinese) Revolution".

After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Ye was placed in charge of Guangdong, which was to cost him his political career under Mao's reign. Ye understood that the economic conditions in the province were very different from those in the rest of China, since most Cantonese landlords were peasants themselves who participated in production without exploiting their tenants. He therefore declined to dispossess the landlords, and instead protected their businesses and land. However, Ye's policies contradicted the general directives of the Party-mandated land reform, which emphasized class struggle. His policies deemed too soft, Ye and his local cadres were soon replaced by Lin Biao's, and a much harsher policy was implemented and hundreds of thousands of Cantonese landlords were executed, with Ye's political career effectively over.

However, Mao did not forget what Ye had done for him during the Long March, and thus removed him only from political posts while preserving his military positions. As a result, until 1968, Ye remained active in various military functions, having been made a marshal in 1955. Ye was clever in using his military influence to provide limited support and he was responsible for interfering with assassination attempts on reformers.

After Lin Biao was overthrown and died in 1971, Ye's influence grew, and in 1975 he was appointed Defense Minister, taking Lin Biao's post. From 1973, he was also a Vice Chairman of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

He led the conspiracy of generals and Party elders that overthrew Jiang Qing and the Gang of Four; during initial planning at his residence, he and Li Xiannian communicated by writing, although they sat next to each other, because of the possibility of bugging.

Thanks to Ye's support of Chairman Hua Guofeng, he was confirmed as party vice-chairman at the Eleventh National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in 1977. Because the physical demands of Defense Minister were too great for the octogenarian Ye, he resigned from that position in 1978 and was appointed Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, filling a post left unoccupied since Zhu De's death in 1976. As such, Ye was China's ceremonial Head of State.

Consistent with Deng's one country, two systems approach, Ye elaborated on peaceful reunification with Taiwan through his 30 September 1981 "Nine Points Proposal" in which Taiwan would have a high degree of autonomy following reunification.[2]: 228  The Nine Points Proposal also talked of trade, transportation, and postal services as "three links" across the strait and "four exchanges" in the areas of culture, academics, economics, and sports.[2]: 228 

Ye retired from the Chair of the NPC Standing Committee in 1983 and in 1985 he withdrew completely from the Politburo Standing Committee. He died a little over a year later at the age of 89.

Family

[edit]

Ye married six times and had six children. His sons include Ye Xuanping (1924–2019), Ye Xuanning (1938–2016), and Ye Xuanlian (叶选廉, born 1952). Ye's granddaughter Robynn Yip (born 1986), daughter of Xuanlian, is a professional musician based in Hong Kong.

Awards

[edit]
 Republic of China
Order of Victory of Resistance against Aggression (1946)
 People's Republic of China
Order of August 1 (1st Class Medal) (1955)
Order of Independence and Freedom (1st Class Medal) (1955)
Order of Liberation (1st Class Medal) (1955)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "叶剑英和叶道英的兄弟情 - 全网搜".
  2. ^ a b Chen, Dean P. (2024). "Xi Jinping and the Derailment of the KMT-CCP "1992 Consensus"". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment. Leiden University Press. ISBN 9789087284411.
Government offices
Preceded by Mayor of Beijing
1949
Succeeded by
Preceded byas chairman of the ROC Guangdong Provincial Government Governor of Guangdong
1949–1953
Succeeded by
Vacant
Title last held by
Marshal Lin Biao
Minister of National Defense
1975–1978
Succeeded by
Marshal Xu Xiangqian
Assembly seats
Preceded byas Acting Chairwoman Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
1978–1983
Succeeded by
Head of State of the People's Republic of China
(as Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee)

1978–1983
Succeeded byas President of the People's Republic of China
Party political offices
Preceded by
Secretary of the CPC Guangdong Committee
1949–1955
Succeeded by
Vacant
Title last held by
Lin Biao
Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
1973–1982
Served alongside: Zhou Enlai, Hua Guofeng, Deng Xiaoping, Wang Dongxing, Li Desheng, Kang Sheng, Wang Hongwen, Chen Yun, Zhao Ziyang
Post abolished
Military offices
New title Commander of the PLA Guangdong Military District
1949–1951
Succeeded by
Political Commissar of the PLA Guangdong Military District
1949–1950
Succeeded by