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West Nusa Tenggara

Coordinates: 8°35′S 116°7′E / 8.583°S 116.117°E / -8.583; 116.117
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
West Nusa Tenggara
Nusa Tenggara Barat
Province
Province of West Nusa Tenggara
Coat of arms of West Nusa Tenggara
Coat of arms
Location of West Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia
Location of West Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia
OpenStreetMap
Map
Coordinates: 8°35′S 116°7′E / 8.583°S 116.117°E / -8.583; 116.117
Country Indonesia
Established14 August 1958[1]
Capital
and largest city		Mataram
Government
 • BodyWest Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government
 • GovernorLalu Gita Ariadi (Acting)
 • Vice GovernorVacant
Area
 • Total19,931.45 km2 (7,695.58 sq mi)
 • Rank29th in Indonesia
Highest elevation
(Mount Rinjani)
3,727 m (12,228 ft)
Population
 (mid 2024 estimate)[2]
 • Total5,646,000
 • Rank13th in Indonesia
 • Density280/km2 (730/sq mi)
Demographics
 • Ethnic groups[3]56% Sasak
14% Bimanese
12% Balinese
8% Sumbawerese
3% Dompuan
2% Javanese
 • Religion (2022)[4]96.88% Islam
2.38% Hinduism
0.74% other
 • LanguagesIndonesian (official)
Time zoneUTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time)
ISO 3166 codeID-NB
GDP (nominal)2022
 - Total[5]Rp 156.9 trillion (25th)
US$ 10.6 billion
Int$ 33.0 billion (PPP)
 - Per capita[6]Rp 28.7 million (32nd)
US$ 1,931
Int$ 6,025 (PPP)
 - Growth[7]Increase 6.95%
HDIIncrease 0.702 (29th) – high
Websitentbprov.go.id

West Nusa Tenggara (Indonesian: Nusa Tenggara Barat – NTB) is a province of Indonesia. It comprises the western portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, with the exception of Bali which is its own province. The area of ​​this province is 19,675.89 km2 which consists of two main islands, namely Lombok Island and Sumbawa Island as well as several other small islands.[8] The two largest islands in this province are the smaller but much more populated Lombok in the west and the much larger in area but much less densely populated Sumbawa island in the east. Mataram, on Lombok, is the capital and largest city of the province. It shares maritime borders with Bali to the west and East Nusa Tenggara to the east.

Geographically, NTB is divided into a flat coastal area, especially in western and southern Lombok, and a mountainous area that includes Mount Rinjani, the highest mountain in the province at 3,726 meters, which is also an active volcano and one of the most popular natural tourist destinations. On Sumbawa Island, the landscape is more varied with steeper hills and mountains and dry grasslands in the east.

The province has a population of around 5 million, with the majority of the population living in coastal areas and large cities such as Mataram, the provincial capital located on Lombok Island. NTB is famous for its Sasak culture in Lombok and Samawa and Mbojo culture in Sumbawa, which still maintain their local customs and arts.

NTB is also known for its natural beauty, including exotic beaches such as Kuta Beach in Lombok and Lakey Beach in Sumbawa, which are popular surfing destinations. The Gili Islands (Gili Trawangan, Gili Air, and Gili Meno) located off the coast of Lombok are one of the most popular tourist destinations in Indonesia, renowned for their crystal clear sea water and beautiful coral reefs.

Apart from beach tourism, NTB also has cultural and historical sites, such as Sade Village in Lombok which maintains traditional Sasak architecture and lifestyle, as well as ancient palaces from the era of the Bima Sultanate in Sumbawa.[9]

History

[edit]

Pre-Islamic period

[edit]

Based on analysis of prehistoric objects found such as complex sarcophagi, decorated stoneware, machetes, and axes, West Nusa Tenggara was originally inhabited by people from Southeast Asia.

The most numerous of the indigenous people in this region are called the Sasak people, most of whom live on the island of Lombok, while on the island of Sumbawa the indigenous people are divided into two groups, ethnic Sumbawa (Samawa) and Bima. However, with the wave of migrants from Bali, Makassar, Java, Kalimantan, Nusa Tenggara, Maluku and East Nusa Tenggara, the indigenous people now largely remain in the interior.

The region was part of the Majapahit Empire during its height in the 14th century, conquering all the kingdoms located on the islands of both Lombok and Sumbawa. In the book Negarakertagama by Mpu Prapanca in 1365, it was written that West Lombok was named "Lombok Mirah" and East Lombok was named "Sasak Adi", Taliwang, Dompo (Dompu), Sape, Sanghyang Fire, Bhima (Bima), Seram (Seran) and Hutan Kedali (Utan).

Islamic period

[edit]

In the early reign of the kings in West Nusa Tenggara, the influence of Hinduism was very strong, but with the collapse of the Majapahit Empire, the influence of Hinduism began to decrease with the onset of the influence of Islam in the coastal communities.

The creation of the Demak Sultanate in Central Java had a huge impact on the spread of Islam in West Nusa Tenggara. The influence of Islam in West Nusa Tenggara was generally brought by the Malays. The influence of Islam in Bima was supported by King I Maliingkaang Daeng-Mannyonriq of Makassar, who was then known as Karaeng Matoaya who played an important role in the spread of Islam in the region.

The influence of Islam in the Bima Sultanate emerged during the reign of King Manuru Salehi around 1605 and began to grow rapidly during the reign of King Abdul Kahir. King Abdul Kahir is also known as the Sultan of Bima because he was the king who first embraced Islam in Bima, beginning a new era, separate from the previous Bima kings who embraced Hinduism. Islam became the official religion of the kings in West Nusa Tenggara.[10]

Colonial period

[edit]

The Europeans who first came to Nusa Tenggara were the Portuguese who landed on the islands of Solor and Timor in 1605. At the same time, the Dutch also came to the islands of Hitu and Ambon, in the Malukus. The first Dutch ship that entered the area was the Ter Ver which docked in Kupang in 1611. The arrival of the Dutch led to a long dispute between the Portuguese and the Dutch in Nusa Tenggara. The Dutch assisted the local kings who resisted the Portuguese. The Netherlands then expanded its influence in Nusa Tenggara, to make a variety of agreements with small kings around the island of Sumbawa.

The arrival of the Dutch colonial administration greatly impacted Indonesian society, with the decline of the Sultanate of Gowa in the 17th century. Gowa nobility who did not submit to the colonial government fled from Makassar and built pockets of resistance in West Nusa Tenggara. To combat the resistance, the colonial government began to concentrate power in West Nusa Tenggara. This was reinforced by the emergence of Lombok for international trade, so the desire of the Dutch to rule West Nusa Tenggara became stronger.

The Dutch colonial government sent Stephen van Hegen for a close look at the Bima Sultanate in 1660. The arrival of the Dutch-influenced the political and economic situation in the area. In 1669, the Government of the Bima Sultanate led by Sultan Ambela Abdul Khair Sirajuddin, made peace and friendship ties with the colonial government with the agreement that:

  • The Sultanate of Bima and Dompu will not attack Makassar
  • To keep the peace, only members of the Dutch East India Company may visit the Bima area
  • Bima and Makassar will not make any contact at all.
  • Foreign traders from Europe, India, Java, Malaya, Arab lands, Aceh, and Champa must not engage in trade with Bima, except by special permit from the Dutch East India Company.

The agreement with the Sultan of Bima and Dompu recognized the existence of the Dutch colonial power. The Netherlands sought to consolidate its control by blocking the Bima port to prevent the arrival of aid from Makassar or other foreign countries. The effort was made so that the existing ports in Bima and Lombok would not fall into British hands.

Because of Dutch supremacy in the region, the king and the people in the region could not move freely. This situation became worse with the eruption of Mount Tambora on April 5, 1815, which shook the entire region, and the consequences could be felt throughout the Moluccas, Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. Mount Tambora's eruption resulted in the disappearance of the two kingdoms of Tambora and Papekat. More than 10,000 people were killed.

Independence

[edit]

West Nusa Tenggara province previously had been part of the State of East Indonesia with the creation of the United States of Indonesia and had been part of the province of the Lesser Sunda Islands (Nusa Tenggara) after the recognition of Indonesian sovereignty.

The province of West Nusa Tenggara was created with the enactment of Law No. 64 of 1958 dated 14 August 1958, on the Establishment of the new provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara, with its first governor being AR. Moh. Ruslan Djakraningrat.

Geography

[edit]
Rhee Loka in Sumbawa Regency

West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) is a province in Indonesia located in the southern part of the Lesser Sunda Islands, consisting of two main islands, namely Lombok Island and Sumbawa Island, as well as several small islands around them such as the Gili Islands. Geographically, the province is surrounded by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Flores Sea to the north. To the west, West Nusa Tenggara borders the Province of Bali, while to the east it borders the Province of East Nusa Tenggara.[11]

The West Nusa Tenggara region has a varied topography, with relatively flat coastal areas in some parts of the island, especially in western and southern Lombok. On the other hand, there are mountainous areas that are characteristic of this region, especially Mount Rinjani on Lombok Island which reaches a height of 3,726 meters above sea level, making it the second highest mountain in Indonesia. Mount Rinjani is an active volcano and the center of the Mount Rinjani National Park, which includes mountainous forests, savannas, and a stunning crater lake called Segara Anak.[12][13]

Sumbawa Island, on the other hand, has a more varied landscape with steeper mountains, hills and valleys in the west, and dry grasslands in the east. The island also has several active volcanoes such as Mount Tambora which is famous for its eruption in 1815, one of the largest eruptions in history with global impact.[14][15][16]

Natural resources in West Nusa Tenggara include fertile agricultural land, especially in the lowlands and mountain slopes, as well as marine fisheries in coastal areas. In addition, the province is also known for its mineral wealth, such as the gold mine on Sumbawa Island which is one of the largest mines in Indonesia.

Climate

[edit]

In terms of climate, West Nusa Tenggara has a tropical climate with two main seasons, namely the rainy season which lasts from November to March and the dry season from April to October.[17] Due to its geographical conditions, several areas in West Nusa Tenggara, especially the eastern part of Sumbawa, experience a long dry season with low rainfall, so this area tends to be dry and barren.

Based on the latest data from the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG), the maximum temperature in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) currently ranges from 31.5 to 34.0 °C, while the minimum temperature ranges from 21.0 to 25.5 °C. The highest temperature usually occurs in October, while the lowest temperature tends to occur in July to August. As a tropical climate region, NTB has a fairly high relative humidity, averaging between 55 and 90%, depending on the season and location. Humidity tends to be higher during the rainy season, which lasts from November to March, while the dry season is usually drier with lower humidity.[18]

Rainfall in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) is lower than in western Indonesia such as Sumatra and Kalimantan. Western Indonesia tends to be wetter, with annual rainfall ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 mm due to the influence of the southwest monsoon. Meanwhile, West Nusa Tenggara, which is influenced by the southeast monsoon from Australia, has lower rainfall, ranging from 1,000 to 2,000 mm per year. Lombok Island is generally wetter than Sumbawa Island, which often experiences drought during the dry season.

Economy

[edit]

The area of West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) has very beautiful natural scenery, be it the mountains or the beach. This has caused many tourists from other parts of Indonesia and other countries to flock to the province due to its stunning scenery.

In addition to the panorama of beautiful tourist attractions, food crops, and horticulture developed and cultivated by the community that is profitable for farmers, among others, are soybeans, peanuts, corn, green beans, peppers, onions, mangoes, bananas, and pineapples. In addition to the nine kinds of commodities in the regions, other horticultural commodities that can be developed are potatoes, carrots, apples, and grapes.

As for fisheries, NTB has 3 areas of fisheries development:

  • The island of Lombok, with a priority on the development of marine aquaculture and freshwater fisheries, brackish water aquaculture (ponds), and catching public waters;
  • The western part of Sumbawa Island, priority on the development of brackishwater aquaculture (ponds), mariculture, arrest, public waters, and freshwater aquaculture;
  • The eastern part of Sumbawa Island with a priority on the development of catching, mariculture, public waters, and freshwater aquaculture.

West Nusa Tenggara is one of the major manufacturers and suppliers of livestock and seeds for the needs of various regions in Indonesia. The carrying capacity of livestock-based agribusiness development, among others, the potential availability of cattle in quality and quantity, land resources, and fodder, support all production, pet patterns as a group, are non-communicable diseases as well as the bank still has domestic and export markets.[clarification needed] The NTB cow is a kind of Bali cattle, which is a leading NTB commodity and has domestic and export markets. In addition to cows and buffaloes, other supporting commodities are pigs, goats and horses, chickens, and ducks.

Government and administrative divisions

[edit]
Mount Rinjani

The province is administratively divided into eight regencies (kabupaten) and two municipalities (kotamadya). When created, the province consisted of just six regencies (West Lombok, Central Lombok, East Lombok, Sumbawa, Dompu and Bima);[19] the city of Mataram was separated from West Lombok Regency on 26 July 1993, and the city of Bima was separated from Bima Regency on 10 April 2002. Two additional regencies were created - West Sumbawa from part of Sumbawa Regency on 18 December 2003, and North Lombok from part of West Lombok Regency on 24 June 2008. The regencies and cities are listed below with their administrative capitals, their areas, and their populations at the 2010 census[20] and the 2020 census,[21] together with the official estimates as of mid-2023.[2]

Kode
Wilayah		 Name of
City or
Regency		 Capital Area
in
km2		 Pop'n
2010
census		 Pop'n
2020
census		 Pop'n
mid 2023
estimate		 HDI[22]
2014 estimates
52.01 West Lombok Regency
(Lombok Barat)		 Gerung 922.91 599,986 721,481 753,641 0.635 (Medium)
52.02 Central Lombok Regency
(Lombok Tengah)		 Praya 1,208.39 860,209 1,034,859 1,099,201 0.618 (Medium)
52.03 East Lombok Regency
(Lombok Timur)		 Selong 1,605.55 1,105,582 1,325,240 1,404,343 0.620 (Medium)
52.08 North Lombok Regency
(Lombok Utara)		 Tanjung 809.53 200,072 247,400 265,500 0.601 (Medium)
52.71 Mataram City 61.30 402,843 429,651 441,147 0.759 (High)
Total Lombok 4,607.68 3,168,692 3,758,631 3,963,842
52.04 Sumbawa Regency Sumbawa Besar 6,643.99 415,789 509,753 529,487 0.628 (Medium)
52.05 Dompu Regency Dompu 2,324.55 218,973 236,665 247,188 0.635 (Medium)
52.06 Bima Regency Woha 4,389.40 439,228 514,105 535,530 0.626 (Medium)
52.07 West Sumbawa Regency
(Sumbawa Barat)		 Taliwang 1,743.58 114,951 145,798 152,950 0.671 (Medium)
52.72 Bima City Bima 222.25 142,579 155,140 161,362 0.722 (High)
Total Sumbawa 15,323.77 1,331,520 1,561,461 1,626,517

Proposals have been under consideration since 2013 by the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) to create a separate Sumbawa Island province;[23] there is no information as to whether the remaining part of the present province (i.e. the districts comprising Lombok Island) would then be renamed. However, since 2013 the Indonesian Government have maintained a moratorium on the intended creation of new provinces, regencies and cities.

The province comprises two of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the People's Representative Council. The West Nusa Tenggara I Electoral District consists of the 4 regencies on Sumbawa Island, together with the city of Bima, and elects 3 members to the People's Representative Council. The West Nusa Tenggara II Electoral District consists of the 4 regencies on Lombok Island, together with the city of Mataram, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.[24]

Population

[edit]
Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 2,203,465—    
1980 2,724,664+23.7%
1990 3,369,649+23.7%
1995 3,645,713+8.2%
2000 4,009,261+10.0%
2005 4,184,411+4.4%
2010 4,500,212+7.5%
2015 4,830,118+7.3%
2020 5,320,092+10.1%
2023 5,590,359+5.1%
Source: Statistics Indonesia 2024 and previous.

Lombok is mainly inhabited by the Sasak ethnic group, with a minority Balinese population, and Sumbawa is inhabited by Sumbawa and Bimanese ethnic groups. Each of these groups has a local language associated with it as well. The population of the province was 4.5 million at the 2010 census, 5.32 million at the 2020 census, and 5.59 million according to the official estimates for early-2024.[2] A total of 70.7% of the province's population lives on Lombok (in early-2024), which has only 23.2% of the area. The province is considered to be one of the least developed of Indonesia's 34 provinces. In 2005, West Nusa Tenggara was reported as the most affected area by malnutrition and kwashiorkor.[25] Life expectancy in West Nusa Tenggara amounted to only 54 years, the lowest in Indonesia (69 years) and the highest infant mortality rate.[26]

Religion

[edit]

Religion in West Nusa Tenggara (2022)[4]

  Islam (96.88%)
  Hinduism (2.38%)
  Buddhism (0.31%)
  Protestantism (0.25%)
  Roman Catholic (0.18%)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "J.D.I.H. - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat".
  2. ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.52)
  3. ^ Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 2003.
  4. ^ a b "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023. Muslim 241 Million (87), Christianity 29.1 Million (10.5), Hindu 4.69 million (1.7), Buddhist 2.02 million (0.7), Folk, Confucianism, and others 192.311 (0.1), Total 277.749.673 Million
  5. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  6. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik (2023). "Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.
  7. ^ Badan Pembangunan Nasional (2023). "Capaian Indikator Utama Pembangunan" (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pembangunan Nasional.
  8. ^ Nusa Tenggara Barat, BPS Provinsi (28 February 2024). Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat Dalam Angka 2024 [Nusa Tenggara Barat Province in Figures 2024] (in Indonesian). Nusa Tenggara Barat: BPS Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. p. 7. ISBN 9770215221507. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid prefix (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  9. ^ "Ekowisata di Desa Sade |". Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  10. ^ Sejarah Nusa Tenggara Barat Periode Awal Perkembangan Islam
  11. ^ "Geografis : Dinamika Wilayah dan Potensi Daerah" (PDF). Bappeda NTB (in Indonesian). September 2013. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  12. ^ "Mt Rinjani, Lombok Indonesia". Vacation's Highlight - Lombok Network Holidays 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  13. ^ "Mount Rinjani National Park – Rinjani Conservation". Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  14. ^ "History". Visit Tambora. 2015-10-09. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  15. ^ Wood, Gillen D'Arcy (2014). Tambora: The Eruption that Changed the World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16862-3.
  16. ^ "Mount Tambora and the Year Without a Summer | Center for Science Education". scied.ucar.edu. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  17. ^ "West Nusa Tenggara Weather and Climate". Weather and Climate. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  18. ^ "Buletin Iklim NTB 2023 | Detail". staklim-ntb.bmkg.go.id. Retrieved 2024-09-02.
  19. ^ Government of Indonesia (9 August 1958), Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions under the First-level Administrative Region of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara (in Indonesian ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 69/1958, retrieved 2007-08-24 [dead link]
  20. ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
  21. ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
  22. ^ Indeks-Pembangunan-Manusia-2014
  23. ^ Nugraha, Panca (March 1, 2011). "Officials support new province for Sumbawa". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2023-06-03.
  24. ^ Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023.
  25. ^ Ragil Suwito: Geography 2, p.151. Jakarta Timur 2010. ISBN 978-979-019-896-8
  26. ^ Ragil Suwito: Geography 2, p.149. Jakarta Timur 2010. ISBN 978-979-019-896-8
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for West Nusa Tenggara.
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