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Cathays Park

Coordinates: 51°29′12″N 3°10′49″W / 51.4866°N 3.1804°W / 51.4866; -3.1804
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the civic centre area in Cardiff. "Cathays Park" can also be used as a metonym for the Welsh Government. See Cathays Park Buildings.

Cathays Park
Aerial view of Cathays Park
Map
TypeCivic centre
LocationCardiff, Wales
Coordinates51°29′12″N 3°10′49″W / 51.4866°N 3.1804°W / 51.4866; -3.1804
CreatedEarly 20th century buildings

Cathays Park (Welsh: Parc Cathays) or Cardiff Civic Centre[1] is a civic centre area in the city centre of Cardiff, the capital city of Wales, consisting of a number of early 20th century buildings and a central park area, Alexandra Gardens. It includes Edwardian buildings such as the Temple of Peace, City Hall, the National Museum and Gallery of Wales and several buildings belonging to the Cardiff University campus. It also includes Cardiff Crown Court, the administrative headquarters of the Welsh Government, and the more modern Cardiff Central police station. The Pevsner architectural guide to the historic county of Glamorgan judges Cathays Park to be "the finest civic centre in the British Isles".[2] The area falls within the Cathays electoral ward and forms part of the Cathays Park Conservation Area, which was designated in 1975.[3]

History

[edit]
Cathays Park before development of the Civic Centre

Cathays Park was formerly part of Cardiff Castle grounds. The present day character of the area owes much to successive holders of the title the Marquess of Bute, and especially the 3rd Marquess of Bute, an extremely wealthy landowner, and to his gardener, Andrew Pettigrew.[4] The Butes acquired much of the lands in Cathays through investment and by inheritance through a marriage to Charlotte Windsor in 1766.

The idea of acquiring the Cathays House park as an open public space was raised in 1858 and again in 1875. In 1887 it was suggested the park could commemorate Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee. Negotiations did not begin until 1892, when Lord Bute agreed to sell 38 acres for £120,000[5] (equivalent to £16 million in 2023[6]). The idea of relocating the Town Hall to the park was controversial, but it was also proposed to locate a new University College building there.

On 14 December 1898, the local council bought the entire 59 acres (24 ha) of land for £161,000 from the Marquess of Bute[5] (equivalent to £22 million in 2023[6]). As part of the sale, the 3rd Marquis of Bute placed strict conditions on how the land was to be developed. The area was to be used for civic, cultural and educational purposes, and the avenues were to be preserved.

A six-month Cardiff Fine Arts, Industrial and Maritime Exhibition which included specially constructed boating lake, a wooden cycling track and an electric railway was held in 1896.[7]

The Development of the Civic Centre

[edit]
Cathays Park and the site of the proposed National Museum & Library in 1905

Cathays Park has had three very distinct phases of development,[8] the first phase was built in the Edwardian architecture style,[8] which consisted of the University of Wales Registry, Cardiff University main building, Cardiff Crown Court, Glamorgan County Hall, Cardiff City Hall, National Museum Cardiff which was constructed from 1912, but only opened in 1927 due to World War I.[8] The second phase was built in a more simplified classical design of the Temple of Peace, Cathays Park 1, Cardiff Technical College, now Bute Building.[8] The third phase of building is from the 1960s, which although built in Portland stone as with the rest of the buildings in Cathays Park, was in a modernist architectural style.[8] The buildings constructed included the Redwood Building for the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology, the University College extension including the Tower Building, Cardiff Central police station, Law Building and Cathays Park 2.[8]

At the start of the first phase in 1897 a competition was held for a complex comprising Law Courts and a Town Hall, with Alfred Waterhouse, architect of the Natural History Museum in London, as judge. The winners were the firm of Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards,[9] who would later go on to design the Methodist Central Hall in Westminster. These were the first two buildings of the ensemble, and have an almost uniform façade treatment. The east and west pavilions of both façades are identical in design, except for the attic storeys, which are decorated with allegorical sculptural groups. On the Crown Court these are Science and Industry, sculpted by Donald McGill, and Commerce and Industry, by Paul Raphael Montford, while on the City Hall are Music and Poetry by Paul Montford and Unity and Patriotism by Henry Poole.

The third site in this complex went empty until 1910, when the competition for a National Museum of Wales was won by the architects Arnold Dunbar Smith and Cecil Brewer. The design parts from the Edwardian Baroque of the Law Courts and City Hall and is more akin to American Beaux-Arts architecture, particularly in the entrance hall where a similarity to McKim, Mead and White's later Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has been noted. The Museum site was not bounded to the north by an avenue so there were scarcely any limits on the depth of the building; the 1910 plan was almost twice as deep as it was broad.[10] The First World War, however, ensured that progress on the building was very slow. By 1927 part of the East range, with the lecture theatre funded by William Reardon Smith, was complete.[11] Further extensions came only in the 1960s and 1990s; these remained faithful to the original design on the exterior (and included sculpture by Dhruva Mistry) but are of a neutral character on the inside.[12]

The final plots in the north of the park were occupied by government offices and university departments. The foundations for a governmental office block were laid in 1914, but work ceased almost immediately due to World War I. Construction of the Crown Buildings (now Cathays Park 1) was undertaken between 1932-38, initially as a headquarters for the Welsh Board of Health. This was followed in the 1970s by Cathays Park 2, a vast administrative block for the Welsh Office. Although the architect and town planner, John B. Hilling, in his study Black Gold, White City: The History and Architecture of Cardiff Civic Centre published in 2016, acknowledged the architects' efforts to respect Cathays Park 2's surroundings, by use of a symmetrical plan laid out on a clear axis, the building's Brutalist style has been much criticised. Both Hilling and the architectural historian John Newman quote the judgement of the Architects' Journal; "a perversely appropriate symbol of closed inaccessible government" [suggesting] a bureaucracy under siege".[13][14] Cathays Park 1 and 2 have seen 'Cathays Park' become used as a metonym, firstly for the Welsh Office,[15][16][17][18] and after devolution in 1999, for the Welsh Government's civil servants and ministerial offices.[19][20]

The last plot on the site was occupied by the University of Wales, which constructed a series of university departments, laboratories and schools on the site from the 1950s to the very early 21st century. The development has been criticised as being too dense, the university's appetite for accommodation outdoing the limitations of the site. Dewi-Prys Thomas, the first professor of architecture at the University of Wales, expressed dismay at, "the injury done to the Civic Centre, with the colossal pile of buildings thrusting up against the main University College."[21]

Appreciation

[edit]

In his Glamorgan volume of the Pevsner Buildings of Wales series, Newman described Cathays Park as "the finest civic centre in the British Isles".[22] Later studies generally concur. Hilling considered the park "an outstanding example of an architectural ensemble which illustrates a significant stage in Welsh history".[a][24] Professor Ian Morley, historian of the built environment, considered that Cathays was "matchless in terms of quality and meaning, [and helped] Cardiff punch well above its weight in terms of demographic stature".[25] Revisiting the subject in his 2018 revised The Architecture of Wales: from the first to the twenty-first century, Hilling agreed, contending that Cathays validated, "as much as anything, [Cardiff]'s claim to city status and national capital".[b][27]

Buildings

[edit]
Key to heritage status
Status Criteria[28]
I Grade I listed. Building of exceptional interest, sometimes considered to be internationally important
II* Grade II* listed. Particularly important building of more than special interest
II Grade II listed. Building of national importance and special interest
Buildings and structures Listed building status Architect Year opened Image
Aberdare Hall II W. D. Caröe 1895
Sir Martin Evans Building and Tower Building No listing Dale Owen / Percy Thomas Partnership 1968
Black Box[29] No listing Alex Gordon 1966[30]
(demolished 1992)[29]
Bute Building II Percy Thomas and Ivor Jones 1916
Cardiff Central Police Station No listing John Dryburgh 1968
Cardiff Crown Court I Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards 1906
Law Building No listing Percy Thomas Partnership 1963
Cardiff University main building II* W. D. Caröe 1905
City Hall I Lanchester, Stewart and Rickards 1906
Cathays Park 1
(part of the Crown Buildings complex) 		II P. K. Hanton 1938
Cathays Park 2
(part of the Crown Buildings complex) 		No listing Alex Gordon 1979
Glamorgan Building
(former Glamorgan County Council building) 		I Vincent Harris and Thomas Anderson Moodie 1912
Hut in Gorsedd Gardens II Not known Not known
National Museum and Gallery of Wales I Arnold Dunbar Smith and Cecil Brewer 1927
Public conveniences on Museum Avenue II Cardiff City Council's architect’s department Early 1930s
Redwood Building
(Welsh School of Pharmacy) 		No listing Percy Thomas 1961
Temple of Peace II Percy Thomas 1938
University of Wales, Registry II H. W. Wills 1904
(Enlarged 1933
by T Alwyn Lloyd)
Welsh National War Memorial II* Ninian Comper 1928

Gardens

[edit]
Cathays Park gardens
Official nameCathays Park (Alexandra Gardens, Gorsedd Gardens, Friary Gardens)[31][32]
Designated1 February 2022; 2 years ago (2022-02-01)[31][32]
Reference no.PGW(Gm)26(CDF)[31][32]
ListingGrade II[31][32]

In addition to the large lawn in front of the City Hall, Cathays Park includes three formal gardens and a tree lined park. Main phases of construction of the gardens were from 1903 to 1906 and from 1924 to 1928.[31] The gardens are grade II on the Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.[31] All of the spaces are within conservation areas and many of the surrounding buildings are listed. The open spaces are very important to the image of the city. Several important buildings overlook these well kept spaces. Each of the three gardens has its own very different character and each retains its original layout. The later 20th and 21st centuries have seen the erection of a large number of memorials in the park which have generated some criticism; John Hilling attacked the "ill-considered and uncoordinated way [the monuments are] scattered across the gardens".[33]

Formal gardens and tree-lined park in Cathays Park
Alexandra Gardens with the Welsh National War Memorial in the background
Gorsedd Gardens
Friary Gardens with a statue of the 3rd Marquess of Bute to the right
The tree-lined Queen Anne Square

Alexandra Gardens

[edit]

Named after Alexandra of Denmark, the queen consort of Edward VII. The gardens were first called University Gardens, and were laid out and planted in 1903.[31] Alexandra Gardens is 5 acres (2.0 ha) garden located at the heart of the civic centre.[31] It consists of maintained flower beds and grass, with the Welsh National War Memorial standing at its centre.[31] Alexandra Gardens has been protected since September 2019 as a Centenary Fields, which is a Fields in Trust scheme together with the Royal British Legion, which protects green spaces containing a war memorial that honours the memory of those that lost their lives in World War I.[34][35]

Gorsedd Gardens

[edit]

The garden was originally known as Druidical Gardens, but the name Gorsedd Gardens was later adopted. The 2 acres (0.81 ha) garden has as its centrepiece a stone circle constructed in 1899,[31] when the National Eisteddfod of Wales was held in Cardiff. The stones were originally erected elsewhere in Cathays Park for the National Eisteddfod of 1899.[31] They were re-erected in the garden in 1905.[31] The garden's name refers to the Gorsedd of Welsh Bards, the ceremonial order that governs the Eisteddfod. Work on the landscaped gardens began in 1904 and opened to the public in 1910.[31] It is laid out with lawns, and tree and shrub borders and hedges.[31] The gardens has statues of subjects including David Lloyd George and Lord Ninian Crichton-Stuart.

A group of people stood next to a tree lit in red; the tree is bare, with leaves on the ground
World AIDS Day commemorations at the Tree of Life in 2023
A bare tree with red ribbons and paper leaves attached
Red ribbons attached to the Tree of Life

The Gorsedd Gardens also contain a "tree of life" planted on World AIDS Day, 1 December 1994, to commemorate "all those who have lost their lives to AIDS in Wales".[36][37][38] The original plaque was replaced at the 2021 World AIDS Day commemoration event.[36] The tree is the focus for yearly World AIDS Day commemorations, with people attaching red ribbons to the tree.[36][39] The tree was also the location of Cardiff's vigil after the murder of Brianna Ghey in February 2022.[40]

Friary Gardens

[edit]

The 1 acre (0.40 ha) garden is a style of formal garden formerly known as a Dutch Garden.[31] It was begun in 1904 and completed in 1906.[31] It contains a statue constructed in honour of the 3rd Marquess of Bute by James Pittendrigh Macgillivray and erected in 1928.[31]

Queen Anne Square

[edit]

Queen Anne Square is a tree-lined grass park, which was built in the 1930s and 1950s. It was designed to be aligned with the main thoroughfare of King Edward VII Avenue, on a site that was originally planned for a Welsh Parliament House.[41] The square is enclosed by a tree-lined no through road, by Corbett Road to the south and by Aberdare Hall to the south east.

Sculpture

[edit]
Name Sculptor Date Listed statues status Image
Statue of Third Marquess of Bute James Pittendrigh Macgillivray Early 20th century II
Statue of John Cory Goscombe John 1906 II
Statue of Lord Aberdare Herbert Hampton 1898 II
Statue of Lord Ninian Edward Crichton Stuart Goscombe John 1917 II
Statue of David Lloyd George Michael Rizzello 1960 II
Statue of Godfrey, First Viscount Tredegar Goscombe John 1909 II
Statue of Judge Gwilym Williams of Miskin Goscombe John c. 1906 II
South African War Memorial
also known as the Boer War Memorial 		Albert Toft 1909 II*
Statue of Girl in Gorsedd Gardens Robert Thomas 2005 No listing
Three Obliques (Walk In)
Sculpture in forecourt of Department of Music, Cardiff University 		Dame Barbara Hepworth 1968 II
Relief Sculpture on Redwood Building Edward Bainbridge Copnall 1961 No listing

Memorial stones

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  • Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat who, towards the end of WWII saved the lives of up to 100,000 Jews. Unveiled on 24 November 1985.
    Raoul Wallenberg, a Swedish diplomat who, towards the end of WWII saved the lives of up to 100,000 Jews. Unveiled on 24 November 1985.
  • Cardiff City Falklands Conflict Memorial for the 7 servicemen from Cardiff who died during the Falklands War.
    Cardiff City Falklands Conflict Memorial for the 7 servicemen from Cardiff who died during the Falklands War.
  • The Welsh National Falklands Conflict Memorial. Unveiled on 30 September 2007
    The Welsh National Falklands Conflict Memorial. Unveiled on 30 September 2007
  • Memorial for those who fought in the International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War, which was unveiled in October 1992.
    Memorial for those who fought in the International Brigade during the Spanish Civil War, which was unveiled in October 1992.
  • The Gift of Life Stone memorial stone dedicated to organ donors. Erected in 2007 by Kidney Wales.
    The Gift of Life Stone memorial stone dedicated to organ donors. Erected in 2007 by Kidney Wales.
  • Monument for the contribution made by ethnic men & women during WW1, WW2 and subsequent conflicts. Unveiled on 2 November 2019
    Monument for the contribution made by ethnic men & women during WW1, WW2 and subsequent conflicts. Unveiled on 2 November 2019
  • Memorial to mark the lives and achievements of Thalidomide impaired people in the UK. Unveiled on 30 June 2016.
    Memorial to mark the lives and achievements of Thalidomide impaired people in the UK. Unveiled on 30 June 2016.

Gates, colonnades and obelisks

[edit]
Official listed name Listing status Image
University of Wales, Cardiff, including Forecourt Walls II*
Colonnade and gateways at south end of Queen Anne Square II
Pair of Obelisk Lamp Stands to west of City Hall
Pair of Obelisk Lamp Stands to south west of City Hall
Pair of Obelisk Lamp Stands to south east of City Hall 		II

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ In his study, Hilling recorded one of the few dissenting voices; the critic Ian Nairn attacked Cathays as, "a stone zoo, one weary neo-Classical hulk after another, lumped together on a regular grid... an utterly alien model for urban improvement".[23]
  2. ^ Hilling does make some criticisms of the 21st century development of the site: in addition to expressing concern as to the random and incoherent siting of the memorials; he notes the visual impact caused by the removal of many trees from the park and the proliferation of television aerials and telecommunications masts on many buildings; and questions the city council's decision to operate a winter funfair in front of the City Hall, "resulting in a visual blight for more than four months each year".[26]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Taffy (13 May 2007). "Cardiff Civic Centre – Cathays Park". BIG Cardiff. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  2. ^ Newman, John (1995). Glamorgan. The Buildings of Wales. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-071056-4. p. 220
  3. ^ "Cardiff City Centre Conservation area" (PDF). Cardiff Council. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
  4. ^ "Cardiff Parks and the Pettigrews". Cardiff Parks. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b Prof. William Rees (1969), "The Reformed Borough, 1836–1914", Cardiff – A History of the City, The Corporation of the City of Cardiff, pp. 336–337
  6. ^ a b United Kingdom Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth "consistent series" supplied in Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. (2024). "What Was the U.K. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 15 July 2024.
  7. ^ Brian Lee (30 January 2015). "Cardiff Remembered: When tigers, lions and crocodiles patrolled the city at 1896 exhibition – Wales Online". Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Hopkins, Norman; Harvey, John; Corin, Mary (1985). "Cardiff A History of the Civic Centre". Historic Records Project. Cardiff: Chief Executive's Department, Cardiff City Council.
  9. ^ "Successful Design For The Cardiff New Municipal Buildings". South Wales Echo. 10 December 1897. p. 2.
  10. ^ Newman, John (1995). Glamorgan. The Buildings of Wales. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-071056-4. p. 226
  11. ^ Newman, John (1995). Glamorgan. The Buildings of Wales. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-071056-4. p. 226
  12. ^ Newman, John (1995). Glamorgan. The Buildings of Wales. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-071056-4. p. 228
  13. ^ Hilling, John B. (2016). Black Gold, White City: The History and Architecture of Cardiff Civic Centre. Architecture of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-783-16842-2. p. 166
  14. ^ Newman, John (1995). Glamorgan. The Buildings of Wales. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-071056-4. p. 233
  15. ^ "Rural Communities in Wales (Hansard, 4 June 1985)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  16. ^ "WALES (Hansard, 22 April 1969)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  17. ^ "Clause 1.—(HIGHER RATES OF NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE CONTRIBUTIONS AND SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS RELATING THERETO.) (Hansard, 23 February 1961)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  18. ^ "Public Accounts (Hansard, 28 October 1992)". api.parliament.uk. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  19. ^ Powys, Betsan (24 May 2011). "The art of delivering delivery". Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  20. ^ Andrews, Leighton. "Governing Wales – hidden wiring and emerging cultural practice" (PDF). Governing Wales.
  21. ^ Hilling, John B. (2016). Black Gold, White City: The History and Architecture of Cardiff Civic Centre. Architecture of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-783-16842-2. p. 160
  22. ^ Newman, John (1995). Glamorgan. The Buildings of Wales. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-071056-4. p. 233
  23. ^ Hilling, John B. (2016). Black Gold, White City: The History and Architecture of Cardiff Civic Centre. Architecture of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-783-16842-2. p. 188
  24. ^ Hilling, John B. (2016). Black Gold, White City: The History and Architecture of Cardiff Civic Centre. Architecture of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-783-16842-2. p. 190
  25. ^ Morley, Ian (June 2009). "Representing a City and Nation: Wales's Matchless Civic Centre". The Welsh History Review. 24 (3): 56–81.
  26. ^ Hilling, John B. (2016). Black Gold, White City: The History and Architecture of Cardiff Civic Centre. Architecture of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-783-16842-2. p. 190
  27. ^ Hilling, John B. (2018). The Architecture of Wales: from the first to the twenty-first century. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-786-83284-9. p. 210
  28. ^ Listed Buildings, English Heritage, archived from the original on 9 December 2012, retrieved 22 April 2011
  29. ^ a b "Laboratory Block;Black Box, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff (307795)". Coflein. RCAHMW. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
  30. ^ "Timeline of buildings constructed by E. Turner and Sons" (PDF). Lisvane Community Council. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Cadw. "Cathays Park (PGW(Gm)26(CDF))". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  32. ^ a b c d "Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales - Cathays Park" (PDF). Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2022. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
  33. ^ Hilling, John B. (2016). Black Gold, White City: The History and Architecture of Cardiff Civic Centre. Architecture of Wales. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. ISBN 978-1-783-16842-2. p. 167
  34. ^ "Fields We Protect - Alexandra Gardens". Fields in Trust. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  35. ^ "Two Cardiff Parks to become protected 'Centenary Fields'". Cardiff Council. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  36. ^ a b c "Plaque, item number F2022.7". Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  37. ^ Oojal Kour (3 December 2021). ""AIDS is not a death sentence anymore": HIV campaigners come together to share their experience on World AIDS Day". Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  38. ^ Gareth (24 August 2021). "Welsh choir's moving musical tribute to victims of 80s AIDS epidemic". Nation.Cymru. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  39. ^ "Senedd Event: World AIDS Day 2022". Fast Track Cardiff & Vale, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board. December 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  40. ^ Poppy Atkinson Gibson (17 February 2023). "LGBTQ+ community unites in memory of Brianna Ghey". Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Colonnade and gateways at S end of Queen Anne Square". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
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