List of endemic species of Taiwan
The endemic species of Taiwan are organisms that are endemic to the island of Taiwan – that is, they naturally occur nowhere else on Earth.
Percentages of endemic species and subspecies in selected animal groups in Taiwan:
| Category | Total species | Endemic species (& ssp.) | Percentages |
| Mammals | 70 | 45 | 64% |
| Birds | 450 | 84 | 19% |
| Reptiles | 85 | 27 | 32% |
| Amphibians | 37 | 17 | 46% |
| Freshwater fish | 220 | 36 | 16% |
| Butterflies | 400 | 50 | 13% |
| Total | 1,257 | 252 | 20% |
Percentages of endemic plants of all living species in Taiwan.[1]
| Category | Total (native) species | Endemic species (& ssp.) | Percentages |
| Pteridophytes | 629 | 72 | 11% |
| Gymnosperms | 28 | 18 | 64% |
| Dicotyledons | 2,410 | 750 | 31% |
| Monocotyledons | 1,010 | 227 | 23% |
| Total | 4,077 | 1,067 | 26% |
Endemic fauna
[edit]Endemic mammals
[edit]
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- Order: Carnivora (carnivorans)
- Formosan black bear – Ursus thibetanus formosanus
- Formosan ferret-badger – Melogale subaurantiaca (Swinhoe)
- Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)
- Formosan boar – Sus scrofa taivanus
- Formosan sika deer – Cervus nippon taiouanus
- Taiwan serow – Naemorhedus swinhoei (Gray)
- Order Eulipotyphla (shrews and kin)
- Taiwanese mole shrew – Anourosorex yamashinai Kuroda
- Tada's shrew – Crocidura tadae Tokuda & Kano
- Formosan shrew – Episoriculus fumidus Thomas
- Koshun shrew – Chodsigoa sodalis Thomas
- Kano's mole – Mogera kanoana Kawada et al.
- Order Rodentia (rodents)
- Formosan field vole – Apodemus semotus Thomas
- Spinous country-rat – Niviventer coxingi (Swinhoe)
- Formosan white-bellied rat – Niviventer culturatus (Thomas)
- Kikuchi's field vole – Microtus kikuchii (Kuroda)
- Formosan giant flying squirrel – Petaurista grandis (Swinhoe)
- Taiwan red-and-white giant flying squirrel – Petaurista lena Thomas
- Order Primate (primates)
- Formosan macaque – Macaca cyclopis (Swinhoe)
- Order Chiroptera (bats)
- Formosan long-eared bat – Plecotus taivanus Yoshiyuki
- Long-toed myotis – Myotis secundus Ruedi, Csorba, Lin & Chou
- Reddish myotis – Myotis soror Ruedi, Csorba, Lin & Chou
- Formosan mouse-eared bat – Myotis taiwanensis Linde
- Formosan broad-muzzled bat – Submyotodon latirostris Kishida
- Bicolored tube-nosed bat – Murina bicolor Kuo, Fang, Csorba & Lee
- Slender tube-nosed bat – Murina gracilis Kuo et al.
- Formosan tube-nosed bat – Murina puta Kishida
- Murina recondita Kuo, Fang, Csorba & Lee, 2009
- Yellow-necked bat – Thainycteris torquatus Gabor & Lee
- Formosan leaf-nosed bat – Hipposideros terasensis Kisida
- Formosan greater horseshoe bat – Rhinolophus formosae Sanborn
- Formosan lesser horseshoe bat – Rhinolophus monoceros Andersen
Endemic birds
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32 endemic bird species and another 52 endemic subspecies of Taiwan have been identified (out of a total of 686 bird species). The thirty-two endemic species make up about 4.6% of all birds living in Taiwan.
- Order Passeriformes (passerines and relatives)
- Taiwan yellow tit – Machlolophus holsti
- Chestnut-bellied tit – Sittiparus castaneoventris
- White-whiskered laughingthrush – Garrulax morrisonianus (Ogilvie-Grant)
- White-throated laughingthrush – Pterorhinus albogularis
- Rusty laughingthrush – Pterorhinus poecilorhynchus
- White-eared sibia – Heterophasia auricularis (Swinhoe)
- Taiwan yuhina – Yuhina brunneiceps Ogilvie-Grant
- Taiwan scimitar babbler – Pomatorhinus musicus
- Black-necklaced scimitar babbler – Erythrogenys erythrocnemis
- Taiwan cupwing – Pnoepyga formosana
- Taiwan barwing – Actinodura morrisoniana Ogilvie-Grant
- Steere's liocichla – Liocichla steerii Swinhoe
- Morrison's fulvetta – Alcippe morrisonia
- Taiwan blue magpie – Urocissa caerulea (Gould)
- Styan's bulbul – Pycnonotus taivanus Styan
- Taiwan whistling thrush – Myophonus insularis Gould
- Collared bush robin – Tarsiger johnstoniae (Ogilvie-Grant)
- White-browed bush robin – Tarsiger indicus
- Taiwan bullfinch – Pyrrhula owstoni
- Taiwan rosefinch – Carpodacus formosanus
- Taiwan vivid niltava – Niltava vivida
- Taiwan thrush – Turdus niveiceps
- Taiwan shortwing – Brachypteryx goodfellowi
- Taiwan fulvetta – Fulvetta formosana
- Flamecrest – Regulus goodfellowi Ogilvie-Grant
- Taiwan bush warbler – Bradypterus alishanensis
- Taiwan hwamei – Garrulax taewanus
- Order Galliformes (chicken-like birds)
- Taiwan partridge – Arborophila crudigularis (Swinhoe)
- Taiwan bamboo partridge – Bambusicola sonorivox
- Mikado pheasant – Syrmaticus mikado (Ogilvie-Grant)
- Swinhoe's pheasant – Lophura swinhoii (Gould)
- Order Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives)
- Taiwan barbet – Megalaima nuchalis
Endemic reptiles
[edit]- Order Squamata (lizards and snakes)
- Formosan smooth skink – Scincella formosensis (Van Denburgh)
- Taiwan forest skink – Sphenomorphus taiwanensis Chen & Lue
- Plestiodon leucostictus (Hikida, 1988)
- Lanyu scaly-toed gecko – Lepidodactylus yami Ota
- Kikuchi's gecko – Gekko kikuchii (Oshima)
- Gekko guishanicus – Lin & Yao, 2016
- Short-legged japalure – Diploderma brevipes Gressitt
- Diploderma luei – Ota, Chen & Shang, 1998
- Maki's japalura – Diploderma makii Ota
- Swinhoe's japalura – Diploderma swinhonis Gunther
- Formosan legless lizard – Ophisaurus formosensis Kishida
- Formosa grass lizard – Takydromus formosanus Boulenger
- Sauteri grass lizard – Takydromus sauteri Van Denburgh
- Hsuehshan grass lizard – Takydromus hsuehshanensis Lin & Cheng
- Stejneger's grass lizard – Takydromus stejnegeri Van Denburgh
- Hengchun blind snake – Argyrophis koshunensis Oshima
- Atayal slug-eating snake – Pareas atayal You, Poyarkov & Lin, 2015
- Taiwan slug-eating snake – Pareas formosensis (Van Dengurgh)
- Formosa odd-scaled snake – Achalinus formosanus Boulenger
- Black odd-scaled snake – Achalinus niger Maki
- Maki's keelback – Hebius miyajimae Maki
- Swinhoe's grass snake – Rhabdophis swinhonis (Günther)
- Formosa coral snake – Sinomicrurus sauteri (Steindachner)
- Swinhoe's temperate Asian coralsnake – Sinomicrurus swinhoei (Van Dengurgh)
- Taiwan pit viper – Trimeresurus gracilis Oshima
Endemic amphibians
[edit]- Order Anura (frogs and toads)
- Central Formosa toad – Bufo bankorensis
- Stejneger's narrow-mouthed toad – Micryletta steinegeri
- Swinhoe's brown frog – Odorrana swinhoana
- Taipa frog – Rana longicrus
- Sauter's brown frog – Rana sauteri
- Ota's stream tree frog – Buergeria otai
- Robust Buerger's frog – Buergeria robusta
- Kurixalus berylliniris
- Temple treefrog – Kurixalus idiootocus
- Kurixalus wangi
- Farmland green treefrog – Zhangixalus arvalis
- Orange-belly treefrog – Zhangixalus aurantiventris
- Moltrecht's green tree frog – Rhacophorus moltrechti
- Emerald green treefrog – Rhacophorus prasinatus
- Taipei tree frog – Zhangixalus taipeianus
- Order Urodela (salamanders and newts)
- Alishan salamander – Hynobius arisanensis
- Formosan salamander – Hynobius formosanus
- Taiwan lesser salamander – Hynobius fuca
- Nanhu salamander – Hynobius glacialis
- Sonani's salamander – Hynobius sonani
Endemic freshwater fishes
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- Order Cypriniformes (minnows and carp)
- Taitung river loach – Hemimyzon taitungensis Tzeng & Shen
- Formosan river loach – Hemimyzon formosanus (Boulenger)
- Shen's river loach – Hemimyzon sheni Chen & Fang
- River loach – Formosania lacustris (Steindachner)
- Pulin river loach – Sinogastromyzon puliensis Liang
- Metzia mesembrinum (Regan)
- Pararasbora moltrechti Regan
- Acrossocheilus paradoxus (Günther)
- Lake Candidus dace – Candidia barbata (Regan)
- Microphysogobio alticorpus Banarescu & Nalbant
- Taiwan ku fish – Onychostoma alticorpus (Oshima)
- Freshwater minnow – Opsariichthys pachycephalus Günther
- Gobiobotia cheni Banarescu & Nalbant
- Microphysogobio brevirostris (Günther)
- Aphyocypris kikuchii (Oshima)
- Squalidus iijimae (Oshima)
- Order Gobiiformes (gobies and their relatives)
- Goby – Cryptocentrus yatsui Tomiyama
- Goby – Myersina yangii (Chen)
- Goby – Rhinogobius candidianus Regan
- Goby – Rhinogobius gigas Aonuma & Chen
- Goby – Rhinogobius formosanus Oshima
- Goby – Rhinogobius nantaiensis Aonuma & Chen
- Goby – Rhinogobius henchuenensis Chen & Shao
- Goby – Rhinogobius delicatus Chen & Shao
- Goby – Rhinogobius maculafasciatus Chen & Shao
- Goby – Rhinogobius rubromaculatus Lee & Chang
- Goby – Rhinogobius lanyuensis Chen, Miller & Fang
- Order Siluriformes (catfishes)
- Formosan torrent catfish – Liobagrus formosanus Regan
- Bagrid catfish – Pseudobagrus adiposalis Oshima
- Bagrid catfish – Pseudobagrus brevianalis Regan
- Order Osmeriformes (smelts, galaxiids, and relatives)
- Ariake icefish – Neosalanx acuticeps Regan (endangered)[2]
- Order Salmoniformes (salmons and trouts)
- Formosan landlocked salmon – Oncorhynchus formosanus (Jordan & Oshima)
Endemic flora
[edit]![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2021) |
Taiwan is home to several endemic plant genera, species, and subspecies are endemic to Taiwan. Plants are sorted by family.[3]
Acanthaceae
[edit]- Dicliptera longiflora Hayata
- Hygrophila pogonocalyx Hayata
- Kudoacanthus Hosok.
- Kudoacanthus albonervosus Hosok.
- Lepidagathis palinensis S.S.Ying
- Rungia taiwanensis T.Yamaz.
- Strobilanthes chihsinlinensis S.S.Ying
- Strobilanthes formosana S.Moore
- Strobilanthes lanyuensis Seok, C.F.Hsieh & J.Murata
- Strobilanthes longespicata Hayata
- Strobilanthes taiwanensis S.S.Ying
Actinidiaceae
[edit]- Actinidia chinensis var. setosa H.L.Li
- Celosia taitoensis Hayata
Amaranthaceae
[edit]- Amaranthus shengkuangensis S.S.Ying
Amaryllidaceae
[edit]- Allium taiwanianum S.S.Ying
Apiaceae
[edit]- Angelica dahurica var. formosana (H.Boissieu) Yen
- Angelica hohuanshanensis S.S.Ying
- Angelica morrisonicola Hayata
- Angelica tarokoensis Hayata
- Anthriscus taiwanensis S.S.Ying
- Bupleurum kaoi Liu, C.Y.Chao & Chuang
- Chaerophyllum involucratum (Hayata) K.F.Chung
- Chaerophyllum nanhuense (Chih H.Chen & J.C.Wang) K.F.Chung
- Chaerophyllum taiwanianum (Masam.) K.F.Chung
- Cnidium monnieri var. formosanum (Y.Yabe) Kitag.
- Cnidium warburgii H.Wolff
- Conioselinum morrisonense Hayata
- Pimpinella niitakayamensis Hayata
- Pimpinella tagawae M.Hiroe
Apocynaceae
[edit]- Anodendron benthamianum Hemsl.
- Cynanchum lanhsuense T.Yamaz.
- Melodinus angustifolius Hayata
- Trachelospermum tulinense S.S.Ying
- Vincetoxicum insulicola Meve & Liede
- Vincetoxicum lui (Y.H.Tseng & C.T.Chao) Meve & Liede
- Vincetoxicum oshimae (Hayata) Meve & Liede
- Vincetoxicum sui (Y.H.Tseng & C.T.Chao) T.C.Hsu
- Vincetoxicum taiwanense (Hatus.) T.C.Hsu
Aquifoliaceae
[edit]- Ilex arisanensis Yamam.
- Ilex guanwuensis S.S.Ying
- Ilex hayatana Loes.
- Ilex hengchunensis S.S.Ying
- Ilex lonicerifolia Hayata
- Ilex lonicerifolia var. hakkuensis (Yamam.) S.Y.Hu
- Ilex lonicerifolia var. lonicerifolia
- Ilex lonicerifolia var. matsudae (Yamam.) Yamam.
- Ilex lupingsanensis H.E.Chiang
- Ilex matsudae Yamam.
- Ilex nokoensis Hayata
- Ilex parvifolia Hayata
- Ilex rarasanensis Sasaki
- Ilex rubroantheriana S.S.Ying
- Ilex suzukii S.Y.Hu
- Ilex tugitakayamensis Sasaki
- Ilex yunnanensis var. parvifolia (Hayata) S.Y.Hu
Araceae
[edit]- Amorphophallus henryi N.E.Br.
- Amorphophallus hirtus N.E.Br.
- Arisaema consanguineum subsp. kelung-insulare (Hayata) Gusman
- Arisaema formosanum (Hayata) Hayata
- Arisaema guanwuense S.S.Ying
- Arisaema ilanense J.C.Wang
- Arisaema taiwanense J.Murata
- Arisaema taiwanense var. brevipedunculatum J.Murata
- Arisaema taiwanense var. taiwanense
- Arisaema thunbergii subsp. autumnale J.C.Wang, J.Murata & H.Ohashi
- Arum taiwanianum S.S.Ying
- Homalomena kelungensis Hayata
- Rhaphidophora formosana Engl.
Araliaceae
[edit]- Aralia castanopsicola (Hayata) J.Wen – northern & central Taiwan
- Aralia decaisneana Hance
- Dendropanax pellucidopunctatus (Hayata) Kaneh.
- Fatsia polycarpa Hayata
- Hedera rhombea var. formosana (Nakai) H.L.Li
- Hedera siyuanwukouensis S.S.Ying
- Heptapleurum taiwanianum (Nakai) G.M.Plunkett & Lowry
- Hydrocotyle setulosa Hayata
- Sinopanax formosanus (Hayata) H.L.Li
Arecaceae
[edit]- Arenga engleri Becc.
- Calamus beccarii A.J.Hend. – southwestern Taiwan
- Calamus formosanus Becc.
- Pinanga tashiroi Hayata
Cultivated crops endemic to Taiwan
[edit]See also
[edit]- List of protected species in Taiwan
- Category:Endemic flora of Taiwan
- Category:Endemic fauna of Taiwan
References
[edit]- ^ Hsieh, Chang-Fu (2002). "Composition, endemism and phytogeographical affinities of the Taiwan Flora". Taiwania. 47 (4): 298–310. doi:10.6165/tai.2002.47(4).298.
- ^ Neosalanx acuticeps
- ^ Endemic plants of Taiwan, World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) checklist builder. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
External links
[edit]- Taiwan Endemic Species Research Institute
- Taiwan Biodiversity National Information Network
- Taiwan Ecological Research Network
- Ecogrid project
