Dalmatian language
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|
| Dalmatian | |
|---|---|
| Region | Dalmatia |
| Extinct | 1898 (if Tuone Udaina was the last speaker) |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | dlm |
dlm | |
| Glottolog | dalm1243 |
| Linguasphere | 51-AAA-t |
 | |
Dalmatian or Dalmatic (Italian: dalmatico; Croatian: dalmatski) was a group of Romance varieties that developed along the coast of Dalmatia. Over the centuries they were increasingly influenced, and then supplanted, by Croatian and Venetian.[1]
It has not been demonstrated that Dalmatian belonged to a larger branch of Romance or even that its varieties constituted a valid genetic grouping of their own.[2]
History
[edit]Dalmatian was first recorded in writing in the 13th century. It emerged in the region of Dalmatia from the Vulgar Latin that was spoken there. The area was home to a diverse of population of Romans, Illyrians, and other smaller groups, and as Dalmatian emerged it incorporated elements of the other languages spoken in Dalmatia.[3][4]
Eventually Dalmatian began to decline and lose its prevalence in Dalmatia, This was due to ethnic changes as Dalmatian speakers got replaced with Slavs, Italians or assimilated into one of the two groups. And due to political change as Dalmatian speaking polities were replaced with Slavic and Italian ones. By the 19th century Dalmatian was a minority language and by the end of the 19th century it was extinct.[3]
After the death of Dalmatian with the remaining texts of the language there have been limited attempts to revive the language but these have mostly failed due to the dominance of Italian and Croatian.[3]
Survival as a substrate
[edit]Even after it's extinction Dalmatian influence on Croatian remained, likely 'Dalmatisms' in Croatian include:[5]
- The toponyms Cavtat < CIVITATE; Cres < C(H)ERSO; Krk < CURICUM; Makar(ska) < MUCCURUM; Split < SPALETUM; Labin < ALBONA; Solin < SALONA; Lovran < LAURANA; Supetar < SANCTU PETRU; Sutomore < SANCTA MARIA
- Words in the Dubrovnik dialect like kȁpula "onion" < CEPULLA; kèlomna "pillar" < COLUMNA; kȑklo "fringe" < CIRCULUS; lìksija "lye" < LIXIVUM; lùk(i)jerna "oil-lamp" < LUCERNA; otijemna "barge-pole" < ANTEMNA; òvrata "snapper" < AURATA; pìkat "liver" < FICATUM; prȉgati "to roast" < FRIGERE; rèkesa "low tide" < RECESSA; trȁkta "drag-net" < TRACTA; úkljata "seabream" < OCULATA
- Words in Standard Croatian like jarbol "mast" < ARBOR; kònoba "tavern" < CANABA; òliganj~lïganj~lìgnja "squid" < LOLLIGINEM
Dialects
[edit]Ragusan
[edit]This was spoken in Dubrovnik (Italian: Ragusa). Various Ragusan words are known from local documents in Latin and Venetian. One such document, for instance, records the words pen, teta, chesa, fachir and indicates the meanings 'bread', 'father', 'house', 'to do'.[6] There are also some 14th-century texts in Ragusan, but these show extensive Croatian and Venetian influence, to the point that it is difficult to discern which if any of their features are genuinely Dalmatian.[1]
A notable feature of Ragusan was its preservation (without palatalisation) of Latin /k/ and /ɡ/ before front vowels, which can be seen in attested forms like colchitra < Latin CULCITRA.[7]
In the Republic of Ragusa, official business was conducted in Ragusan until approximately the end of the 15th century. In 1472 the Senate famously banned the use (without permission) of "Slavic" or "any language other than Ragusan or Italian" for conducting legal disputes. Another piece of evidence is a letter by Elio Lampridio Cerva (1463–1520) that mentions "I remember how, when I was a boy, old men would carry on legal business in the Romance language that was called Ragusan".[8]
Vegliote
[edit]
This was spoken in Krk (Italian: Veglia, Dalmatian: Vikla[9]). It is documented from the 19th century, in large part thanks to the efforts of the linguist Matteo Bartoli and his informant Tuone Udaina. When they first met, Udaina had not spoken Vegliote in two decades and could only produce a sort of 'Dalmatianised' Venetian.[10] As their interviews went on, he was able to recall more and more Vegliote from his youth, albeit in a form still tinged by his Venetian.[1]
Like Ragusan, Vegliote did not participate in the broader Romance palatalisation of [k] and [ɡ] before front vowels. (Compare Vegliote [ɡeˈlut] "cold" and Italian [dʒeˈlato] < Latin GELATUM.) Nevertheless it appears to have undergone a later, and independent, palatalisation of [k] to [tʃ] before the sounds [j i y], as in the word [̇tʃol] "arse" < *[̇kyl] < *[̇ˈkulu] < CULUM.[11]
It was once thought that Vegliote, like Romanian, showed the sound-change /kt/ > /pt/, but the only example of this is /ˈwapto/ "eight" < OCTO, which was probably affected by analogy with /ˈsapto/ "seven" < SEPTEM.[12]
Others
[edit]Other dialects of Dalmatian include the Zadar dialect and the dialects of various small islands.[4]
Orthography
[edit]While there was no standard orthography for Dalmatin this is was and is the most frequently used one.[13]
Letters:[13] A/a, B/b, C/c, D/d, E/e, F/f, G/g, H/h, I/i, J/j, L/l, M/m, N/n, O/o, P/p, Q/q, R/r, S/s, T/t, U/u, V/v, Z/z
Sample Text
[edit]From Udaina, stress-marks have been omitted.
| Dalmatian[14] | English[14] |
|---|---|
| [kuo̯nd ke fero i vetruni viv koli vapto ju koŋ totʃi ku̯int ju favlua iŋ veklisuŋ perku ju se jai̯ inparut kuo̯nd ke ju fero pelo ke avas tra jai̯n ke ju dat el prinsip da favlur kosai̯k iŋ veklisuŋ perke me ju inparuo̯t la maja non el mi tuo̯ta e la maja ni̯ena favlua kosai̯k iŋ veklisuŋ jali favlua ke jali kredua ke ju noŋ kapaja ma ju totʃ kapua koste parau̯le ke jali favlua iŋ veklisuŋ la maja noŋ me dekaja spi̯ata un pau̯k ke venaro el tuo̯ta e ju ɡe dekaro kel te dua per el tʃol] | "When those eight old-timers were still alive I would speak Vegliote with everyone because I'd learnt it when I was little. I was three years old when I began to speak like that in Vegliote, because my grandmother taught me, and my mum and dad would speak like that in Vegliote. They would speak [in Vegliote because they thought I didn't understand, but I understood all those words they were saying in Vegliote. My grandma would tell me 'Wait just a bit for daddy to come home and I'll tell him to spank you'". |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Maiden 2020:§1
- ^ Chambon 2014; Maiden 2020:§1
- ^ a b c Mahatma, Wizurai (5 September 2023). "Dalmatian Language". Medium. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ a b Simmonds, Lauren (5 February 2023). "Croatian Language - The Difference Between Dalmatic and Dalmatian". Total Croatia. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ Trummer 1998:162
- ^ Bartoli 2000:349
- ^ Bartoli 2000:§429 apud Maiden 2020:§2.3
- ^ Muljačić 1997:67–68
- ^ Bartoli 2000:123
- ^ Vuletić 2013:51
- ^ Maiden 2020:§2.3
- ^ Hadlich 1965:84
- ^ a b "Dalmatian language, alphabet and pronunciation". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
- ^ a b Bartoli 2000:223
Bibliography
[edit]- Bartoli, Matteo Giulio (1906). Das Dalmatische: altromanische Sprachreste von Veglia bis Ragusa und ihre Stellung in der Apennino-balkanische Romània. Vol. I, II. Vienna: Hölder.
- Bartoli, Matteo Giulio (2000). Il dalmatico: resti di un'antica lingua romanza parlata da Veglia a Ragusa e sua collocazione nella Romània appennino-balcanica. Rome: Treccani.
- Chambon, Jean-Pierre (2014). "Vers une seconde mort du dalmate? Note critique (du point de vue de la grammaire comparée) sur « un mythe de la linguistique romane »". Revue de linguistique romane. 78 (309–310): 6–9. doi:10.5169/seals-842246.
- Hadlich, Roger L. (1965). The phonological history of Vegliote. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- Ive, Antonio (1886). "L'antico dialetto di Veglia". Archivio Glottologico Italiano. 9: 115–187.
- Maiden, Martin (30 June 2020). "Dalmatian (Vegliote)". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.726. ISBN 978-0-19-938465-5. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
- Muljačić, Žarko (1997). "Il gruppo linguistico illiro-romazo". In Holtus, Günter; Kramer, Johannes; Schweickard, Wolfgang (eds.). Italica et Romanica: Festschrift für Max Pfister zum 65. Geburtstag III. Tübingen: Niemeyer. pp. 59–72.
- Muljačić, Žarko (2003). "O dalmatoromanizmima u Marulićevim djelima". Colloquia Maruliana. 12: 131–142.
- Trummer, Manfred (1998). "Südosteuropäische Sprachen und Romanisch". In Holtus, Günter; Metzeltin, Michael & Schmitt, Christian (eds.). Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie. Vol. 7: Kontakt, Migration und Kunstsprachen. Kontrastivität, Klassifikation und Typologie. Tübingen: Niemeyer. pp. 134–184.
- Vuletić, Nikola (2013). "Le dalmate: panorama des idées sur un mythe de la linguistique romane". Histoire Épistémologie Langage. 35: 45–64.
External links
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