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Polish People's Party

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This article is about the current political party. For other uses, see Polish People's Party (disambiguation).

Polish People's Party
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe
LeaderWładysław Kosiniak-Kamysz
Founded1895 (original form)
1990 (current form)
Merger of
Preceded byUnited People's Party
Headquartersul. Kopernika 36/40, 00-924 Warsaw
Membership (2023)Decrease 73,222[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
Historical:
Left-wing[3][4][5]
National affiliationPolish Coalition
Senate Pact 2023 (for 2023 Senate election)
Third Way
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
Colours
  •   Aquamarine[a]
  •   Green[b]
Anthem"Rota"
Sejm
28 / 460
[6]
Senate
4 / 100
European Parliament
2 / 53
Regional assemblies
58 / 552
City presidents
1 / 107
Voivodes
2 / 16
Voivodeship Marshals
2 / 16
Website
www.psl.pl
Part of a series on
Agrarianism in Poland
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Intellectuals
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The Polish People's Party (Polish: Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, PSL) is an agrarian political party in Poland.[7] It is currently led by Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz.

Its history traces back to 1895, when it held the name People's Party, although its name was changed to the present one in 1903. During the Second Polish Republic, the Polish People's Party was represented by a number of parties that held its name. They were all supportive of agrarian policies, although they spanned from the left-wing to the centre-right on the political spectrum. It was reformed to the People's Party shortly after the Sanacja regime took power. It took part into the formation of Polish government-in-exile during the World War II, and after the war it was again reformed into the Polish People's Party, and soon after into the United People's Party. During the existence of the Polish People's Republic, it was seen as a satellite party of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party that promoted rural interests. After the fall of communism, it participated in the governments led by the Democratic Left Alliance. In the mid-2000s, it began shifting more to the centre-right and it adopted more conservative policies. It entered in the government again following the 2007 parliamentary election, and since 2015 it has served in the opposition.

Today, it is positioned in the centre[8] and leans towards the centre-right;[9][10][11] besides holding agrarian and conservative views,[12][13][14] it is also Christian democratic,[15][16][17] and supports Poland's membership in the European Union.[18] It currently has 19 seats in the Sejm and two seats in the Senate. On national level, it heads the Polish Coalition; further, on European level, it is a part of the European People's Party.

History

[edit]

Before 1945

[edit]

The party's name traces its tradition to an agrarian party in Austrian-controlled Kingdom of Galicia, which sent MPs to the parliament in Vienna.[19] The party was formed in 1895 in the Polish town of Rzeszów under the name Stronnictwo Ludowe (People's Party). The party changed its name in 1903 to what it's known as now. The party was led by Wincenty Witos and was quite successful, seating representatives in the Galician parliament before the turn of the 19th century. In the Second Polish Republic there were a few parties named PSL (Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", Polish People's Party "Piast", Polish People's Party "Left" and others) until they were removed by the Sanacja regime (see also People's Party).[19]

During this time, there were two parties using the term "Polish People's Party", namely Polish People's Party "Piast" and Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" (which were merged into People's Party with Stronnictwo Chłopskie). During World War II, PSL took part in forming the Polish government in exile.[19]

Under the communist regime

[edit]
Support for the PSL by region in 2007 Polish parliamentary election

In June 1945 after the war Stanisław Mikołajczyk, a PSL leader who had been Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile, returned to communist-dominated Poland, where he joined the provisional government and rebuilt PSL. The party hoped to win the Yalta Conference-mandated elections and help establish a parliamentary system in Poland. However, the party soon found itself targeted with intimidation, arrests and violence by the communist secret police.[20]

The communists also formed a rival ersatz 'Peasants' party' controlled by them, in order to confuse voters. The January 1947 parliamentary election was heavily rigged, with the communist-controlled bloc claiming to have won 80% of the vote. The PSL were said to have won just 10% of the vote, but many neutral observers believe the PSL would have won the election had it been conducted fairly.[19]

Mikołajczyk was soon compelled to flee Poland for his life in October 1947. The communists then forced the remains of Mikołajczyk's PSL to unite with the pro-communist People's Party to form the United People's Party. The ZSL was a governing partner in the ruling coalition.[21]

Post-communist period (1990–2003)

[edit]

Around the time of the fall of communism, several PSLs were recreated, including Porozumienie Ludowe, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe-Odrodzenie, and Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (Wilanów faction). In 1989, most merged into one party and took part in forming the first postwar noncommunist government in Poland with the Solidarity grouping; in 1990, the party changed its name to PSL.[22][23]

It remained on the left of Polish politics in the 1990s, entering into coalitions with the postcommunist Democratic Left Alliance.[24][25][26] In the 2001 parliamentary elections, PSL received 9% of votes and formed a coalition with the Democratic Left Alliance, an alliance which later broke down. Since then, PSL has moved towards more centrist and conservative policies.

Opposition years (2003–2007)

[edit]

The party ran in the 2004 European Parliament election as part of the European People's Party (EPP) and received 6% of the vote, giving it four of 54 Polish seats in the European Parliament.[24][27] In the 2005 general election, the party received 7% of votes, giving it 25 seats in the Sejm and two in the Senate. In the 2007 parliamentary elections, the party placed fourth, with 8.93% of the vote and 31 out of 460 seats, and entered into a governing coalition with the victor, the centre-right conservative Civic Platform.[28] In European parliament elections PSL received 7.01% of votes in 2009.[29] In the 2011 national parliamentary election, Polish People's Party received 8.36% votes which gave them 28 seats in the Sejm and two mandates in the Senate.[30]

Coalition government (2007–2015)

[edit]

After the parliamentary elections in 2007, PSL won 8.91% of the popular vote and 31 seats,[31] it joined the government coalition led by Civic Platform. Waldemar Pawlak was appointed deputy prime minister, Marek Sawicki was appointed as agriculture minister, and Jolanta Fedak was appointed as labor minister. In the 2009 European Parliament election, it won 3 seats.[32] After the Smolensk air disaster, presidential elections were held in which Pawlak placed fifth, winning 1.75% of the vote. In the second round they didn't state their support for anyone.[33]

In the 2010 local government elections, PSL obtained 16.3% of the votes in the elections to voivodship assemblies, in which it received 93 seats. In the Świętokrzyskie sejmik, the party received the most seats. In all parliamentary assemblies, PSL found itself in ruling coalitions with the PO, in four voivodeships receiving the positions of marshals. In the elections to poviat councils, the PSL committee obtained 15.88%, and in the elections to municipal councils 11% of the votes. The PSL won the largest number of village leaders (428) and mayors in the country, and in Zgierz, the party's candidate won the presidential election. In 2011, a PiS senator defected to PSL.[34]

In the parliamentary elections of 2011, PSL obtained 8.36% of votes on the list of candidates for the Sejm.[35] The party also won two seats in the Senate.[36] Eugeniusz Grzeszczak became the deputy speaker of the Sejm on behalf of the PSL.[37] PSL again became a partner of the PO in the government coalition. On December 7, 2011, as a result of the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, Arkadiusz Bratkowski, a PSL politician, assumed a mandate in the European Parliament.[38]

In July 2012, Stanisław Kalemba replaced Marek Sawicki as the minister of agriculture and rural development. Pawlak was defeated during the presidential election by Janusz Piechociński.[39] Two days later, Waldemar Pawlak announced his resignation as deputy prime minister and minister of economy. He was dismissed from both functions on November 27. On December 6, both these offices were taken over by Janusz Piechociński.

In January 2014, PSL decided to establish cooperation with SKL and Samoobrona, but SKL already in February announced that Jarosław Gowin joined Poland Together, and the PSL talks about a joint election campaign with Samoobrona did not end with an agreement. In March, MP Andrzej Dąbrowski left PSL.[40] The party's candidate in the 2015 presidential election was the marshal of the Świętokrzyskie Province, party vice president Adam Jarubas.[41] He placed 6th, obtaining 238,761 votes.[42] Before the second round, PSL was involved in the campaign of the then-incumbent President Bronisław Komorowski.[43]

In Opposition (2015–2023)

[edit]
See also: Polish Coalition

At the 2015 parliamentary election, the PSL dropped to 5.13% of the vote, just barely over the 5% threshold. With 16 seats, it was the smallest of the five factions in the Sejm.[44]

Since then, PSL has lost even more support to PiS during the 2018 Polish local elections when they lost 87 seats and dropped to 12.07% unlike the 23.9% they got at the last local elections. After this, the party became a junior partner in coalition with the Civic Coalition and SLD.

In the 2019 European election, PSL won three seats as a part of the European Coalition.[45]

For the parliamentary elections in the same year, PSL decided to create a centrist and Christian-democratic coalition called the Polish Coalition.[46] The Polish Coalition, apart from PSL, consisted of Kukiz'15, Union of European Democrats and other liberal, catholic and regionalist organisations.[47][48][49] The coalition managed to get 30 Sejm members elected, 20 of whom were members of PSL.

In November 2020, PSL decided to end coalition with Kukiz'15 due to differences on negotiations on EU budget.[50]

Before the 2023 parliamentary elections Polish Coalition formed a broader alliance with centrist Poland 2050 of Szymon Hołownia.

Coalition government (2023–present)

[edit]

After the parliamentary elections in 2023, Third Way block won 14.4% of the popular vote and 65 seats, it joined the government coalition with Civic Coalition and The Left. Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz was appointed as the deputy prime minister and as a Minister of National Defense, Czesław Siekierski was appointed as Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Dariusz Klimczak was appointed as Minister of Infrastructure and Krzysztof Hetman as Minister of Development and Technology. Because of the electoral succes (65 MPs) Third Way block has also participated in 2024 local getting 12.07% of the votes in the elections to voivodship assemblies, in which it received 80 seats.

Ideology

[edit]
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The Polish People's Party adhered to the principles of agrarian socialism and anti-neoliberalism in the 1990s and early 2000s, and had a post-communist character, highlighting the positive sides of the former communist system and highlighting the high social cost and failures of the Polish transformation to capitalism.[3][4][5] It was positioned on the left-wing on the political spectrum during that period. As late as 2011, the party was still described as "a left-wing party, representing an agrarian socialist agenda, although it is also known for its social conservatism".[51] Up to 2008, the party also opposed liberalism, denouncing it as "primitive social Darwinism" and warning against a liberal state where "people are subordinated to the market". After 2008, the Polish People's Party started drifting towards centrism, abandoning its criticism of economic liberalism as well as discarding its agrarian socialist vision of Polish economy.[52] It moved adopted an ideology of "neoagrarianism" that postulated a third way economic system based on Catholic social teaching, which rejected the downsides of both capitalism and communism.[53] The party then switched to Christian democracy and supported a regulated free market - the social market economy.[54][55][56] PSL has drifted once more in late 2010s and early 2020s and became a centre-right party, adopting a neoliberal economic program based on deregulation and privatization. The party retained its Christian democratic character on social issues, where it continues to adhere to social conservatism.[57]

Ideology from 1990s to 2000s

[edit]

The party, as it was reformed in 1990, was a direct and formal successor of the socialist United People's Party, and it inherited the party's members, political foundations as well as funds.[58] The PSL was one of the two major Polish parties between from the 1990s to late 2000s with communist origins along with the Democratic Left Alliance - these two parties, along with Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, formed the post-communist bloc. Thus the party had a left-wing economic program that promoted agrarian socialism and praised the fallen communist regime, appealing to the communist nostalgia of voters. The party made references to the peasant movement of the Second Polish Republic and the WW2-era PSL led by Stanisław Mikołajczyk, but these remained at a figurative level and did not affect the party's socialist alignment. This led to a split in the party - after the anti-communist Roman Bartoszcze was ousted as the party leader and PSL made its communist legacy more explicit, disaffected agrarians who returned to Poland from exile left the party and formed Peasants' Agreement.[59]

In that period, the PSL condemned globalization and capitalist reforms as the driving factors behind the loss of national sovereignty and the growing inequality in the countryside. The party spoke against privatization and instead envisioned a decentralized socialist structure based on state-owned, communal as well as "social" (cooperative) ownership of the Polish economy. The party listed rural poverty, unemployment, lack of affordable housing and limited healthcare access as consequences of the economic liberalization pursued in the 1990s. The party also argued that the 'national interests' necessitates state ownership of most industries, especially that of the banks; the party also proposed a catalogue of protectionist measures that would stop the decline of the Polish agriculture and food industry.[60]

The PSL pointed to liberalism and authoritarian tendencies as its main ideological opponents. The party program from that time argued that "in the name of blind liberalism - the doctrine of the elimination of the state from any influence on the shaping of economic structures, it passively watches as more and more segments of our market are taken over by foreign entities and as domestic companies are eliminated from it, for which, in addition, worse economic conditions are created for economic activity". Liberalism was described an ideology in which the state passively observes the struggle on the market between foreign, powerful concerns and Polish enterprises, which, being weaker and deprived of state support, fail. The party argued that the consequence of this was a high rate of unemployment, giving rise to social problems. The party also noted the existence of social disparities and the lack of prospects for the young generation, which is forced to emigrate in search of work, which caused a weakening of Poland's international role, subject to the uncontrolled game played by global corporations.[53]

Drift to the right

[edit]

The origin of the party's pivot was in late 2000s, as the party's anti-liberal slogan was overshadowed by the one of right-wing populist Law and Justice, while agrarian socialism became the staple of the far-left Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, which would form an anti-liberal government together with Law and Justice and League of Polish Families in 2005. PSL started cooperating with the Civic Platform at this time - a party based on liberal and conservative ideas; this forced PSL to tone down its rhetoric as to avoid attacking the anticipated future coalition partner.[53] Political analysis of the party's rhetoric in 2006 found that the party would increasingly embrace liberalism in place of its hitherto economically left-wing program, which placed the party closer to the Civic Platform and other centre-right parties. This was in stark contrast to a fellow agrarian party Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, which espoused conservatively socialist views.[61]

From the late 2000s onwards, the party pivoted away from its once agrarian socialist program in favor of "neoagrarianism", which it defined as the "principle of class solidarity and peasant separatism postulating the necessity of an evolutionary path of social reconstruction on the principles of economic democracy, with particular attention to the interests of agriculture and under the political leadership of the peasant layer." Neoagrarianism of the party also included the concept of a "third way" of social development aiming at the creation of a state system between capitalism and communism. This new form of economic system was to be based on the Catholic social teaching and eliminte both "the shortcomings of capitalism and the dangers posed by communism". The neoagrarian economy was also to be based on the principle of Catholic subsidiarity, " the primacy of labour over capital", as well as rejection of monetarism and neoliberalism. The party then gradually abandoned its criticism of liberalism, eventually embracing as a result.[53]

Modern program

[edit]

The party's platform is strongly based on agrarianism.[62] On social and ethical issues, PSL is attached to more social conservative values,[51] as it opposes abortion (although it is against its criminalization, defending the current abortion law in Poland[63]), legalisation of same-sex marriage, euthanasia, death penalty,[64] and soft drug decriminalisation.[65] The party is in favour of maintaining religion lessons in public education.[64] In 2019, the party adopted (as part of an agreement with Kukiz'15) in the party's platform direct democracy's postulates, including introducing single-member districts, electronic voting and obligatory referendums.[66]

Despite its formerly socialist alignment, the party embraced economic liberalism ever since it entered a coalition with the Civic Platform. The PSL supported economic policies such as increasing the retirement age, privatization of state-owned enterprises, as well as implementing deregulation in order to secure funds from the European Union.[67] Nowadays, the party is considered economically liberal and oriented towards the free market, aligning with the parties such as Civic Platform, Poland 2050 and Modern.[68] As part of the Third Way, PSL adopted a neoliberal-conservative program, promoting low taxes, market solutions to the housing crisis and climate change, as well as increased role of the private sector in Polish economy and publis services.[57]

Moreover, during the leadership of Kosiniak-Kamysz, who took over after 2015 elections, PSL has visibly started leaning towards economic liberalism in order to gain voters in bigger cities.[69] Kosiniak-Kamysz himself has described party's ideology as "moderately centrist"[70][71] and Christian democratic.[72] After most of the party's MPs voted against a law softening abortion law in Poland in 2024,[73][74] PSL began to visibly present itself as the conservative wing of a rulling coalition under the premiership of Donald Tusk,[75] which caused critisism from left-wing politicians and activists, such as Marta Lempart.[76]

Election results

[edit]

Support

[edit]

The Party's traditional support base consisted of farmers, peasants and rural voters. Voters are generally more social conservative than voters of Civic Platform.[77] Its main competitor in rural areas is the national conservative Law and Justice (PiS).[78]

In the 2010s, the party started to lose support between rural voters (especially in southeast of Poland, e.g. Subcarpathian Voivodeship). In 2019 election PSL gained surprisingly significant support in cities and won mandates (e. g. in Warsaw and Wrocław).[79]

Sejm

[edit]
Election year Leader # of
votes 		% of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/– Government
1991 Waldemar Pawlak 972,952 8.7 (#5)
48 / 460
 New UD
1993 2,124,367 15.4 (#2)
132 / 460
 Increase 84 SLD–PSL
1997 956,184 7.3 (#4)
27 / 460
 Decrease 105 AWS–UW
2001 Jarosław Kalinowski 1,168,659 9.0 (#5)
42 / 460
 Increase 15 SLD–UP–PSL (2001-2003)
SLD–UP Minority (2003-2004)
SLD-UP-SDPL Minority (2004-2005)
2005 Waldemar Pawlak 821,656 7.0 (#6)
25 / 460
 Decrease 17 PiS minority (2005-2006)
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
PiS Minority (2007)
2007 1,437,638 8.9 (#4)
31 / 460
 Increase 6 PO–PSL
2011 1,201,628 8.4 (#4)
28 / 460
 Decrease 3 PO–PSL
2015 Janusz Piechociński 779,875 5.1 (#6)
16 / 460
 Decrease 12 PiS
2019 Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz 972,339 5.3 (#4)
19 / 460
 Increase 3 PiS
As part of Polish Coalition, which won 30 seats in total.
2023 1,189,629 5.5 (#3)
28 / 460
 Increase 9 KO–PL2050–KP–NL
As part of Third Way, which won 65 seats in total.

Senate

[edit]
Election year # of
overall seats won 		+/–
1991
7 / 100
 Increase 4
1993
36 / 100
 Increase 29
1997
3 / 100
 Decrease 33
2001
4 / 100
 Increase 1
2005
2 / 100
 Decrease 2
2007
0 / 100
 Decrease 2
2011
2 / 100
 Increase 2
2015
1 / 100
 Decrease 1
2019[80][81]
2 / 100
 Increase 1
2023[82]
4 / 100
 Increase 2

Presidential

[edit]
Election year Candidate 1st round 2nd round
# of overall votes % of overall vote # of overall votes % of overall vote
1990 Roman Bartoszcze 1,176,175 7.2 (#5)
1995 Waldemar Pawlak 770,419 4.3 (#5)
2000 Jarosław Kalinowski 1,047,949 6.0 (#4)
2005 Jarosław Kalinowski 269,316 1.8 (#5)
2010 Waldemar Pawlak 294,273 1.8 (#5)
2015 Adam Jarubas 238,761 1.6 (#6)
2020 Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz 459,365 2.4 (#5)

Regional assemblies

[edit]
Election year % of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/–
1998 12.0 (#3)
89 / 855
As part of the Social Alliance.
2002 10.8 (#5)
58 / 561
 Decrease 31
2006 13.2 (#4)
83 / 561
 Increase 25
2010 16.3 (#3)
93 / 561
 Increase 10
2014 23.9 (#3)
157 / 555
 Increase 64
2018 12.1 (#3)
70 / 552
 Decrease 87
2024 14.25 (#3)
58 / 552
 Decrease 29
As part of the Third Way.

European Parliament

[edit]
Election year # of
votes 		% of
vote 		# of
overall seats won 		+/–
2004 386,340 6.3 (#7)
4 / 54
2009 516,146 7.0 (#4)
3 / 50
 Decrease 1
2014 480,846 6.8 (#5)
4 / 51
 Increase 1
2019 5,249,935 38.5 (#2)
3 / 52
 Decrease 1
As the European Coalition which won 22 seats in total

Leadership

[edit]

Chairman:

Voivodeship Marshals

[edit]
Name Image Voivodeship Date Vocation
Adam Struzik Masovian Voivodeship 10 December 2001
Paweł Gancarz Lower Silesian Voivodeship 21 Maja 2024

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ since 2019
  2. ^ before 2019

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Drabik, Piotr (1 June 2023). "PiS nie jest największą partią w Polsce. "Liczy się tylko kartel czterech"". Radio ZET (in Polish). W statystykach najsilniejsze jest Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, które w swojej historii odwołuje się do XIX-wiecznego ruchu agrarnego. Obecnie partia liczy 73 222 członków. [In terms of statistics, the strongest is the Polish People's Party, which refers to the 19th century agrarian movement in its history. The party currently has 73 222 members."]
  2. ^ Gmitruk, Janusz; Indraszczyk, Arkadiusz; Stępka, Stanisław (2010). Partie chłopskie i ludowe w Polsce oraz w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej (1989-2009) (in Polish). Warsaw: Muzeum Historii Polskiego Ruchu Ludowego. ISBN 978-83-7583-191-7. Po trzecie Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe było partią sytuującą się na lewicy sceny politycznej. Wyważone elementy programu, nawiązujące do ideologii socjalizmu agrarnego, (...) [Thirdly, the Polish People's Party was a party positioned on the left of the political scene. The balanced elements of its programme, referring to the ideology of agrarian socialism, (...)]
  3. ^ a b c Gerber, Alexandra (2011). Being Polish/Becoming European: Gender and The Limits of Diffusion in Polish Accession to the European Union (PDF). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 167. PSL is technically a left-wing party, representing an agrarian socialist agenda, although it is also known for its social conservatism and is the oldest political party in Poland, dating back to before the communist regime. Throughout the 1990s and into the early 2000s, PSL was often a member of the ruling coalition with SLD. However, the coalition between SLD and PSL broke down during the 4th Parliamentary Session (2004), and since that time, the party has shifted to the center.
  4. ^ a b Immigration and Nationality Directorate (April 2002). "Poland: Country Assessment". United Kingdom: Home Office. p. 7. Polish Peasant Party (PSL): Left-wing party competing with Samoobrona for support in the rural community.
  5. ^ a b Stodolny, Marek (24 June 2015). Ruch Konserwatywno–Ludowy w III RP (in Polish). Poznań: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. pp. 5–6. Obserwując dalsze działania ZSL/PSL ,,Odrodzenie", zapoznając się z jego programem i postawą wobec gabinetów wyłanianych przez parlament po wyborach w 1991 r., które były rządami ekipy ,,solidarnościowej" można jednoznacznie stwierdzić, że Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe wywodzące się z ZSL było partią klasową, o lewicowym programie i elektoracie w dużej mierze dobrze oceniającym dawny ustrój. [Observing the further activities of the ZSL/PSL "Odrodzenie", familiarising oneself with its programme and attitude towards the cabinets formed by the parliament after the 1991 elections, which were the governments of the "Solidarity" team, one can state unequivocally that the Polish People's Party derived from the ZSL was a class party, with a left-wing programme and an electorate largely comfortable with the former system.]
  6. ^ "Kluby i koła". sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  7. ^
  8. ^
  9. ^ Vries, Catherine E. de (2021). Foundations of European politics : a comparative approach. Sara Binzer Hobolt, Sven-Oliver Proksch, Jonathan B. Slapin. Oxford. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-883130-3. OCLC 1246486176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. ^ Fitzmaurice, J. (28 September 1998). Politics and Government in the Visegrad Countries: Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Springer. ISBN 9780230373228. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 – via Google Books.
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  12. ^ "Kosiniak-Kamysz: W wyborach do sejmików województw i rad powiatów PSL pójdzie raczej samodzielnie". wpolityce.pl. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
  13. ^ "Poland's left sets sights on return to parliament". POLITICO. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  14. ^ "Poland's Parliament is now divided. What does this mean for the ruling Law and Justice party?". Washington Post. 18 October 2019. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  15. ^ Magone, José (2010). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-203-84639-1.
  16. ^ "Why Poland's Law and Justice Party will lose in four years". IFAIR. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  17. ^ "Polish Presidential Election 2020: Two Months Out". cyber.fsi.stanford.edu. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  18. ^ "PSL wchodzi do Koalicji Europejskiej. Kosiniak-Kamysz: To nie jest "antyzwiązek"". gazeta.pl (in Polish). 23 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  19. ^ a b c d "Nasza historia". psl.pl (in Polish).
  20. ^ Applebaum, Anne (2012). Iron Curtain: The crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-1956. pp. 212–213.
  21. ^ David Ost, Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics, pp. 34-36, 1990 Philadelphia, Temple University Press, ISBN 0-87722-655-5
  22. ^ Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne III RP. Krzysztof Kowalczyk, Jerzy Sielski. Toruń: Duet. 2006. ISBN 978-83-89706-84-3. OCLC 122529970.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ^ "Pierwsze powszechne wybory prezydenckie". www.infor.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  24. ^ a b Partie i koalicje polityczne III Rzeczypospolitej. Krystyna Anna Paszkiewicz (Wyd. 3., uzup. i uaktualnione ed.). Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. 2004. ISBN 83-229-2493-3. OCLC 56578088.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
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